TLDR;
This YouTube transcript provides a detailed overview of Rajasthan's folk dances, tribal dances, folk dramas, festivals, fairs, temples, water architecture, tourist destinations, paintings, and folk deities. It offers key points for quick revision, focusing on locations, communities involved, and unique aspects of each art form.
- Folk dances and their regional and tribal associations.
- Key features of folk dramas and their historical context.
- Important festivals, fairs, and their cultural significance.
- Notable temples, their architectural styles, and historical importance.
लोकनृत्य [1:08]
The discussion begins with an emphasis on remembering key details about Rajasthani folk dances, specifically their region of origin and associated tribes. Rajasthan's state dance is Ghoomar, the state song is "Kesariya Balam", and the state musical instrument is the Algoza, a wind instrument. Ghoomar is described as the 'soul of Rajasthan' and is performed exclusively by women. The steps in Ghoomar are called 'Sawai', consisting of eight steps.
Kachhi Ghodi is a dance performed only by men, typically during weddings, using dummy horses. This dance involves formations and is now also performed professionally. The Agni dance is performed by the Jasnathi community in Katariasar village, Bikaner, with performers speaking 'Dhoon' while dancing on fire. Maharaja Ganga Singh promoted this dance. The embers used are called 'Matira'.
Dhol dance is performed in the Jalore area by men from the Dholi, Mali, Sargara, and Bhil communities during weddings. The style of playing the Dhol is called 'Thakna'. Jai Narayan Vyas promoted this dance.
Gudla dance originates from Jodhpur, commemorating Raja Satl's victory over Gudle Khan. Women carry pots with holes and lamps inside, from Sheetlashtami to Gangaur. Komal Kothari, a notable figure associated with this dance, received two Padma awards and established the Rupayan Sansthan in Borunda with Vijaydan Detha. Devilal Samar established the Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal in Udaipur in 1952, known for promoting puppetry.
The Terah Tali dance is performed by women of the Kamadiya Panth during the Ramdevji fair. It involves 13 Manjiras tied to the body, with performers showcasing stunts. The accompanying instruments are the Tanpura and Chautara, a stringed instrument also known as Tambura, Veno, or Nishan. The main dancer is Mangibai, with men playing instruments, including Laxman Das Kamad. This dance is associated with Padarla village in Pali.
Chari dance involves women from the Gurjar community dancing with pots on their heads. The pots contain cotton seeds. Phalkubai is a prominent dancer, associated with the royal family of Kishangarh. Goverdhan Kumari of Kishangarh established the Gangaur Ghoomar Dance Academy in 1986, promoting Ghoomar and Chari dances.
Bhavai dance is a series of stunts performed by the Bhavai community in the Udaipur region. Performers balance multiple pots on their heads or dance on glass. Notable performers include Roop Singh, Dayaram, and Tara Sharma. Stories enacted include Shankariya, Surdas, Boti, Dhokri, Bikaji, and Dhola Maru.
Bam Rasiya is performed in the Bharatpur and Alwar regions by men during the Phagun season. They play a large drum called a 'Bam' and sing songs called 'Rasiya'.
Gindar dance is performed in the Shekhawati region during Holi by men, with some dressing as women, known as 'Gangaur' or 'Mehari'. They wear 'Ramjhol' (thick Ghungroos) and perform 'Swang' (impersonations). This dance is similar to Dandiya and Ger.
Chang dance is from Shekhawati, Bindori from Jhalawar, and Dang from Nathdwara, all performed during Holi.
Dandiya is performed in the Marwar region by men using wooden sticks, invoking Bhairuji. Garba is performed in the Dungarpur and Banswara regions during Navratri, with three forms: Shakti Roop, Raas, and Lok Jeevan Roop.
जन जातीय नृत्य [30:21]
The focus shifts to tribal dances, emphasising the importance of remembering the tribal association of each dance. The dances of the Bhil tribe include Ger, Gauri, Yudh (war dance), Dwichakri, Neja, Ghumra, Hathi Mana, and Ramni. The dances of the Garasia tribe include Walar, Mandal, Lure, Kood, Jawara, Moriya, and Gaur. The dances of the Kalbelia tribe include Sankriya, Bagriya, Chakri, and Indoni. The Kanjar tribe's women perform Chakri, while the men perform Dhakad. The Kathodi tribe performs Mavalia during Navratri and Holi during Holi. The Meo tribe performs Ranbaja (both men and women) and Ratwai (only women). The Sahariya tribe performs Shikari, and the Banjara tribe performs Machli.
Key points include: Walar dance does not use instruments and is performed during weddings. Kalbelia dance (specifically Chakri) is recognised by UNESCO. The Lure dance is performed by the Garasia tribe, and the Sankriya dance is performed by the Kalbelia tribe.
लोक नाट्य [38:00]
The discussion transitions to folk dramas (Lok Natya), which include Khayal, Tamasha, Nautanki, and Swang. These are often not taken seriously as art forms.
Khayal is a play based on old stories, either mythological or historical, and is performed with music and songs. The director or narrator is called 'Halkara'. Kuchamani Khayal, originating from Kuchaman, was started by Lachhiram and promoted by Ugamraj. Only men participate, and it resembles opera music.
Jaipuri Khayal, from Jaipur, allows women to participate. It was supported by Pratap Singh, who established the Gunijan Khana for artists. These artists were known as Gandharv Baisi. New experiments were conducted in this form. Sawai Jai Singh built Suratkhaana for painters, and Ram Singh built Pothikhana for writers.
Shekhawati Khayal is famous in Chirawa. It was started by Nanuram Ji, a Muslim artist who performed Hindu stories. Dulia Rana was a famous comedian in this form.
Hela Khayal, from Dausa and Sawai Madhopur, possibly originated from a person named Hela or from the exclamation "Hele". The instruments used are the Bam (Nagada) and Naubat.
Ali Baksh Khayal, from Mundawar in Alwar, was started by Ali Baksh, a Muslim Nawab and devotee of Krishna, known as the 'Ras Khan of Alwar'. It is performed in the Ahirwati language. The area is known as Rath, and Ali Baksh was proud of his Rath heritage.
Dhapaali Khayal is from Alwar and Bharatpur, using the Daph instrument. Kanhaiya Khayal, from Karauli, Bharatpur, and Sawai Madhopur, features a narrator called 'Media'. The stories are called 'Kahan'. It was originally performed by the Meena community.
Bhent ke Dangal is from Dholpur, specifically Bari and Basedi, where the local dialect uses "Mora" for boy and "Mori" for girl.
Turra Kalangi originated in Mewar 400 years ago by Tukangir and Shah Ali, who enacted stories of Shiva and Parvati. Tukangir played Shiva, and Shah Ali played Parvati. The stage is decorated, and dialogues are called Gamat. The performance gained recognition when the king of Chanderi gifted Tukangir a Turra and Shah Ali a Kalangi. It is popular in Chittor, specifically Ghosunda and Nimbahera. Shahadu Singh and Hamid Beg promoted it.
Nautanki is from Bharatpur, originating from Hathras near Mathura. Borilal brought it to Bharatpur, and Giriraj Prasad promoted it. Nine types of instruments are used, and both men and women can participate.
Tamasha originated in Maharashtra and was brought to Jaipur by Pratap Singh, who invited Bansidhar Bhatt. Gopi Ji Bhatt was a famous artist. It is performed in an open ground called an 'Akhada'. Women can participate, and Gohar Jaan was a famous dancer.
Gauri is a dance of the Bhils, performed only during the day. Men participate, and women are not allowed to watch. Meat, alcohol, and women are prohibited during the 40 days of performance. It is the oldest folk drama in Rajasthan and is considered the 'Sumeru' of folk dramas. Parvati is called Gauri or Rai, and Shiva is called Rai Budhiya. It is based on the story of Shiva and Bhasmasur. The narrator is called Kutkuriya, and the joker is called Bhuriya. Goma Meena, Kalu Keer, and Kan Gujari are small plays performed during Gauri. It is performed in the Mewar region, and the Keer community is involved. It starts the day after Raksha Bandhan and lasts for about 40 days.
Ramat means Khel (game) and is performed by the Pushkarna Brahmins in Jaisalmer and Bikaner, mainly during Holi. In Jaisalmer, Tej Kavi established the Krishna Company. He wrote "Swatantra Bawani" during the freedom movement and presented it to Gandhi in 1943. He opposed the British. In Bikaner, Pushkarna Brahmins perform on wooden platforms called 'Pata'. They also play Fagniya Football during Holi, wearing masks. The performance starts with a song dedicated to Ramdevji. Songs based on the rainy season are called Chaumasa, and songs dedicated to deities are called Lavani.
Bhavai was started by Baga Ji. Artists do not give introductions. Male artists are called Saga Ji, and female artists are called Sagi Ji. Shanta Gandhi made the play "Jasmal Odan" internationally famous. Bhanu Bharti made the play "Pashu Gayatri" famous through Gauri.
त्योहार व मेले [1:44:50]
The discussion moves to festivals and fairs in Rajasthan. Festivals start with Chhoti Teej in the Shukla Paksha of Shravan, followed by Raksha Bandhan (also known as Nariyal Purnima). Bhadrapad has the most festivals, remembered by the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 in the Krishna Paksha: Badi Teej, Ub Chhath/Hal Shashthi, Goga Navami, Bachh Baras, and Sati Amavasya.
In the Shukla Paksha of Bhadrapad: Babari Dooj (Ramdev Jayanti), Ganesh Chaturthi, Rishi Panchami, Radha Ashtami, Teja Dashami, Jal Jhulni Ekadashi, Anant Chaturdashi, and then 16 Shraddh starting from Purnima. During Shraddh, only the worship of Sanjhi is performed by unmarried girls.
In Ashwin, Sharad Navratri is celebrated, with Durga Ashtami (also known as Hom Ashtami) and Dussehra (Vijayadashami). Khejdi tree and Neelkanth bird are worshipped, and weapons are worshipped. Sharad Purnima (Raas Purnima) is also celebrated. The Marwar Festival (also known as Mand Festival) is held in Jodhpur.
In Kartik, Karwa Chauth and Ahoi Ashtami are celebrated. The five festivals of Dhanteras, Roop Chaudas, Diwali, Govardhan Puja, and Bhai Dooj are observed. On Govardhan Puja, Annakut is celebrated, especially at Nathdwara, with the Bhil community participating. Bhai Dooj is also known as Yam Dwitiya. Gopa Ashtami is also celebrated. Amla Navami is observed, and Dev Uthani Ekadashi marks the end of Achar Sanhita. Satyanarayan Purnima is celebrated. Fairs are held at Pushkar, Kolayat, Rameshwaram (Chambal, Banas, and Seep rivers meet), and Jhalrapatan (Chandrabhaga river).
In Magh, Til Chauth, Til Gyaras, and Mauni Amavasya are observed. Basant Panchami is celebrated, and the Beneshwar Fair is held in Dungarpur.
In Phalgun, Mahashivratri, Phulera Dooj, and Holi are celebrated. Holi is celebrated in various forms, such as Koda Maar Holi and Lath Maar Holi.
In Chaitra, Dulandi (the day after Holi) and Sheetlashtami are observed. Chaitra Navratri starts, with Nav Varsh (New Year) and Gangaur. Ashok Ashtami is celebrated. Ram Navami and Hanuman Jayanti are also observed.
In Vaishakh, Dhinga Gangaur, Akha Teej, and Buddha Purnima are celebrated.
In Jeth, Bada Amavasya (worship of trees), Ganga Dussehra, and Nirjala Ekadashi are observed.
In Ashadh, Bhadla Navami and Guru Purnima (Vyas Purnima) are celebrated.
In Shravan, Nag Panchami (worship of snakes), Neer Navami (worship of the mongoose), and Hariyali Amavasya are observed.
मंदिर [2:27:00]
The discussion shifts to temples in Rajasthan. The oldest temple examples are found in Bairat (Buddhist temples destroyed by Huna king Mihirkula) and Nagari (Vaishnav temple).
In Osian, the Sachiya Mata temple, Surya temple, and Harihar temple are located. In Auwa, the Kameshwar temple and Sugali Mata temple are present. In Khed (Barmer), the Ranshod temple is located. In Kekind (near Merta), the Nilkantheshwar temple is present. Another Nilkantheshwar temple is in Panagarh (Alwar), featuring a Trikuta-shaped structure.
The Someshwar temple in Kiradu is the last temple of the Gurjar Pratihar style and is known for its grand peak. The Shiv temple in Badoli, the Sas Bahu temple in Nagda, and the Ambika Mata temple in Jagat are not in the Gurjar Pratihar style. The Ambika Mata temple in Jagat is known as the Khajuraho of Mewar.
The period from the 11th to 13th century is considered the golden age of temple architecture, with the Solanki style or Maru-Gurjar style characterised by long, thin pillars and temples built on platforms. The Samadhishwar temple in Chittor dates from this period.
The Bhumija style involves building temples directly on the ground. Examples include the Jain temple in Sewari (Pali), the Mahakaleshwar temple in Menal, the Bhand Deora temple in Ramgarh (Bara), built by Malay Verma of the Med dynasty, and the Undeshwar temple in Bijolia.
The Dilwara Jain temples include Vimal Vasai (built by Vimal Shah, minister of Bhimdev I) and Lun Vasai (built by Vastupal and Tejpal). James Todd considered Vimal Vasai the most beautiful building in India after the Taj Mahal.
In Osian, besides the Sachiya Mata temple, the Jain Mahavir temple and the Hindu Pipla Mata temple are also located.
जल स्थापत्ये [2:44:15]
The discussion moves to man-made water resources. Bandi Kui (Dausa) is named after a well built by a female slave. Batadu well (Barmer) is made of marble. Chand Baori is located in Abhaneri (Dausa) and Jodhpur. The one in Abhaneri was built by Raja Chand, and the one in Jodhpur was built by Rani Chand Kanwar. Trimukhi Baori (Udaipur) was built by Ram Rasde, wife of Raj Singh, and is also known as Jaya Baori. Naulakha Baori (Dungarpur) was built by Premal Devi, wife of Askaran. Rani Ji ki Baori (Bundi) was built by Lad Kanwar Nathawat, the stepmother of Anirudh Singh.
पर्यटन स्तल [2:53:15]
The discussion covers various tourist destinations. Adhai Din ka Jhopra (Ajmer) has the Dargah of Peer Punjab Shah nearby. Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Dargah (Ajmer) has three gates: Nizam Darwaza, Shahjahani Darwaza, and Buland Darwaza. Two large degs (pots) are used to cook vegetarian food.
Ana Sagar Lake (Ajmer) was built by Anaji. Jahangir built Daulat Bagh, and Shah Jahan built Baradari (five pavilions). Akbar's fort in Ajmer is known as Daulat Khana and was used as a magazine by the British. Mayo College (Ajmer) was established during Lord Mayo's time and completed during Lord Northbrook's time. Its architect was Richard Burke, and the first student was Mangal Singh. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style.
Soniji ki Nasiyan (Ajmer) is a Jain temple with a golden chamber called Swarna Nagari. The Brahma temple in Pushkar features a four-faced idol and a statue of Surya with shoes. Savitri temple is also located in Pushkar, accessible by ropeway. Pushkar Sarovar has 52 Ghats and over 500 temples.
Sariska Tiger Reserve (Alwar) was established as a sanctuary in 1956 and a tiger reserve in 1978-79. Bhangarh Fort (Alwar) was built by Madho Singh and features a seven-story palace. It also has a Someshwar Mahadev temple.
Bhartrihari Temple (Alwar) hosts a fair during Bhadrapad Shukla Ashtami. Raja Jai Singh built it in 1924. Siliserh Lake (Alwar) was built by Vinay Singh for his queen Shila, damming the Ruparel River. It is known for bird watching.
Mahi Dam (Banswara) has 16 gates and is 3.10 km long. Tripur Sundari Temple (Banswara) is located in Umrai village and features a Shiva lingam from the Kushan period. The idol has 18 arms. Mangadh Dham (Banswara) is located in Anandpuri village.
Abdulla Peer Dargah (Banswara) is also known as Abdul Rasul Dargah and is visited by the Bohra community.
Sitabari (Baran) has temples of Sita and Lakshman. It is believed to be the birthplace of Luv and Kush and was the ashram of Valmiki. The Sahariya tribe considers Valmiki their ancestor.
Shergarh Fort (Baran) is located on the Parvan River. Bhand Deora Temple (Baran) is built in the Bhumija style.
The Nakoda Jain Temple (Barmer) is dedicated to Parshvanath. Alam Shah attacked it. Rani Bhatiyani Temple (Barmer) is located in Jasol and is known as Bhuwasa. It also has a temple of Lal Singh.
चित्र कला [4:03:10]
The discussion shifts to painting styles of Rajasthan. Anand Kumar Swami wrote "Rajput Paintings" in 1916, providing a scientific classification of Rajasthani painting. Mewar is considered the motherland of Rajasthani painting, influenced by Ajanta painting. Key texts include "Shravak Pratikraman Sutra Churni" and "Suparshvanath Charitam". The "Chaurapanchasika" style is also associated with Mewar.
Chavand became a centre of painting during the reign of Maharana Pratap. Nasiruddin painted "Dhola Maru". During Amar Singh's time, Nasiruddin painted "Ragmala" in 1605. The golden age of Mewar painting was during Jagat Singh I's rule, who built the Chitori Obri (also known as Tasveer Ro Karkhana). Sahibdin painted Ragmala during Jagat Singh's time. Sangram Singh II's time is known for paintings of "Kalila Damna".
Nathdwara painting is influenced by Udaipur and Braj styles. Paintings are known as Pichwai. Key features include banana trees and the influence of the Vallabh sect. Artists include Narayan, Chaturbhuj, Ramaling, and Baba Ramchandra. Female artists include Kamla and Ilaichi.
Devgarh painting started during Dwarikadas Chundawat's time, influenced by Mewar, Marwar, and Dhundhar styles. Shridhar Andhare brought Devgarh painting to light.
Marwar painting was influenced by the Yaksha style, with Shringdhar as a key artist. It features paintings of love stories like Dhola Maru. Matiram's book "Rasraj" was illustrated in this style. Veer Ji painted Ragmala. Dalchand created a painting of Maharaja Abhay Singh watching a dance. Key artists include Saifoo, Chhajju, Ramnath, and Nathu.
Bikaner painting features Usta art (camel hide painting) and Matherna art (wall painting). Key Usta artists include Ali Raza and Ruknuddin, Ramlal and Hasan. Hissam-ud-din Usta received the Padma Shri. Matherna art was practiced by the Jain community. Both styles feature names and dates on paintings and Hindu deities painted by Muslim artists.
Kishangarh painting started during Sawant Singh's time. Nihal Chand created "Bani Thani", which Eric Dickinson called the "Monalisa of India". Key features include long necks, long eyes, and arched eyebrows. Artists include Ramnath, Tulsidas, Sawa Ram, and Ladli Das.
Nagaur painting features paintings of old age, transparent clothes, and dull colours.
Jaisalmer painting features paintings of Moomal and is not influenced by other styles.
Ajmer painting is influenced by Hindu, Muslim, and Christian styles. The artist Chand created a painting of Pabuji. Female artists include Sahiba and Ushna.
Dhundhar painting (Jaipur/Amer) features paintings of the "Rajamanama" (Persian translation of the Mahabharata) during Man Singh's time. Sawai Jai Singh built Suratkhana. Sahibram created life-size portraits (Aadam Kad Chitra) during Ishwari Singh's time. Artists include Gopal, Uday, and Hukma.
Alwar painting, during Vinay Singh's time, featured artists Baldev and Gulam Ali, who illustrated "Gulistan". Shivdan Singh's time featured paintings of Kamasutra and Nafiri Vadan (Shehnai playing). Artists Mulchand and Udayram created paintings on ivory. It featured miniature paintings, yoga postures, and courtesans.
Uniyara painting started during Sardar Singh's time, influenced by Jaipur and Bundi styles. The artist Mir Baksh created paintings of Ram, Lakshman, Sita, and Hanuman.
Shekhawati painting is famous for its havelis and frescoes. The French artist Nadine Le Prince protected the frescoes in Fatehpur.
Hadauti painting (Bundi and Kota) is known for nature scenes (Bundi) and hunting scenes (Kota). Shatrushal built the Rang Mahal, and Umed Singh built the Chitrashala in Bundi. Kota painting features women and hunting scenes. Dalu painted Ragmala.
लोकदेवता [4:49:10]
The discussion concludes with folk deities. The five revered Pirs are Pabuji, Ramdevji, Gogaji, Mehaji, and Harbuji.
Pabuji's horse was named Kesar Kalmi. He sacrificed himself to protect cows. He is worshipped as the protector of camels by the Rebari community and is associated with curing the plague. His friends were Chanda and Dama. His Pabuji ki Phad is sung with the Ravanhatta instrument, while his Pawade (stories) are sung with the Mat instrument. He is considered an incarnation of Lakshmana. Jharda Ji, Pabuji's nephew, killed Jindrav Khinchi. Jharda Ji is known as Roopnath in Rajasthan and Balaknath in Himachal Pradesh.
Ramdevji was born in Undu Kashmir and took Samadhi in Ramdevra. His father was a Samant of Pokaran, and his guru was Balinathji, who lived on Masuria Hill. His wife's name was Netal. He is known as 'Netal Ro Bhartar'. His followers worship his feet (Pagla). He wrote the book "24 Baniyas". He is considered an incarnation of Krishna by Hindus and is known as Pir-on-ka-Pir by Muslims. His horse is called Leelo. His flag is called Neja. He started the Kamadiya Panth.
Gogaji was born in Dadrewa. His head fell in Sheershmedi, and his torso fell in Gogamedi (Dhurmedi). His Olidi is in Kiloriyon ki Dhani. He fought against Mahmud Ghaznavi and is known as Jahar Peer (the evident saint). He is associated with the Khejdi tree. Kavi Meh wrote "Gogaji ka Rasawala". His son was Kesaria Kunwar Ji, also a protector of snakes. His fair is held on Bhadrapad Krishna Navami.
Veer Fatta Ji's fair is held on Bhadrapad Shukla Navami in Santhu village, Jalore.
Harbuji was born in Bhundel and lived in Harbam Jalk. He was a cousin of Ramdevji and a disciple of Balinathji. Jodha took his Katara (dagger) and succeeded. Harbuji served cows in Bengti village, which was given to him by Jodha. He is worshipped in the form of a cart.
Mehaji's temple is in Baapini. His horse was called Kiran Kabra. He fought against Ranangdev Bhati. His priest does not have a lineage.
Tejaji was born in Kharnal. His main temple is in Parbatsar, and another temple is in Basi Dugari (Bundi). He protected cows and is known as Kala Bala ka Dev. His horse was called Leelan.
Devnarayan was born in Asind and died in Byavar. His temples are in Asind, Dev Dham (Jodhpuria), and Dev Dungri (Chittor), built by Rana Sanga. He belonged to the Bagda family and is considered an incarnation of Vishnu. He used neem leaves as medicine. His Phad is the longest.
Dev Baba's temple is in Nagla Jahaj. To please him, seven Gwalas (cowherds) are fed. His fairs are held on Bhadrapad Shukla Panchami and Chaitra Shukla Panchami.
Mallinathji's temple is in Tilwada. He organised a Keertan in Marwar in 1399. His wife was Rupade. A cattle fair is held in Tilwada, known for Malani horses.
Talinathji's real name was Gogadev Rathore. His guru was Jalandharnath. He is worshipped as the protector of Oran (sacred groves).
Bigga Ji protected cows. He belonged to the Jakhar community.
Hariram Ji is worshipped as the protector of snakes. His temple is in Jorda (Nagaur), where snake burrows are worshipped.
Jhunjhar Ji is worshipped with five idols: the groom, the bride, and three brothers. His temple is in Salodada village, where he died protecting the village during his wedding.
Mama Dev is the god of rain and is offered a buffalo sacrifice.
Dungji and Jawaharji looted the rich and distributed wealth to the poor. They looted the Nasirabad cantonment. They were arrested by the rulers of Jodhpur and Bikaner. Lhotu Ji Nitharwal was their associate. They broke the Agra jail.
Khetlaji is worshipped in Sonana (Pali). His fair is held on New Year's Day. He is believed to cure speech impediments.
Kallaji Rathore is known as the four-armed deity. He fought alongside Jaimal.
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