TLDR;
This video discusses the classification of political parties based on ideology, structure, and the number of parties in a system. It examines the roles and functions of political parties in various contexts, including liberal democracies, communist systems, and developing nations. The discussion includes the importance of internal democracy, nation-building, and the impact of factors like poverty and family legacies on party systems.
- Political parties can be classified based on their ideology (left, right, center), structure (member-based, branch-based, etc.), and the number of parties in a system (one-party, two-party, multi-party).
- In liberal democracies, political parties act as mediators between civil society and the government, while in communist systems, the party often controls all aspects of society.
- Developing nations often see political parties focused on nation-building, state-building, and dealing with issues like poverty and factionalism.
Ideology and Objectives of Political Parties [2:15]
Political parties are often categorized by ideology, such as left, right, and center. While national interest is a common principle, parties can be viewed critically, with some seeking to distance themselves from "dirty politics." Some propose politics without parties, but this is generally impractical. Definitions of political parties vary, and scholars like Robert McKenzie have studied party organization.
Party Organization and Internal Democracy [7:51]
McKenzie's research highlights the concept of "party robots," where a few individuals control the party, limiting internal democracy. This contrasts with ideal democratic principles. British political parties, such as the Conservative and Labour parties, differ in their structures and appeals. Ideology plays a significant role in some parties, while others focus on power.
Classification by Number of Parties [23:42]
Political parties can be classified based on the number of parties in a system: one-party, two-party, or multi-party. One-party systems are seen in communist countries like China, where the Communist Party holds power. In contrast, liberal democratic countries typically have multi-party systems due to diverse interests and fundamental rights. Political parties in liberal democracies mediate between civil society and the government, conveying messages in both directions.
Party Systems in Communist Countries [29:38]
In communist systems, the party controls all aspects of society, including institutions like the executive, parliament, judiciary, and military. Decisions are made within the party, and dissent is limited. Democratic centralism is a key principle, though critics like Milovan Djilas have questioned its democratic nature. Examples include North Korea, where hereditary succession has occurred, contrasting with Marxist principles.
Party Systems in Democratic Nations [36:08]
Democratic nations often have multi-party systems, reflecting fundamental rights and diverse interests. One-dominated party systems can occur, where one party consistently wins elections, as seen historically with the Congress party in India. Two-party systems, like those in the US and Australia, involve two major parties dominating politics. Multi-party systems involve multiple parties contesting elections, sometimes forming coalition governments.
Linking Party Systems and Government Formation [44:31]
The type of party system can influence government stability and the representation of diverse interests. Multi-party systems can reflect societal divisions but also promote democratic principles. The relationship between party systems and electoral systems affects government formation and stability.
Political Parties in Developing Nations [51:01]
Political parties in developing nations often prioritize nation-building and state-building. Nation-building involves emotional and sentimental attachment to the nation, while state-building focuses on material aspects like infrastructure and strong institutions. Factors like poverty, factionalism, and family legacies can significantly impact party systems in developing countries. Internal democracy within parties is often lacking, and parties may be based on ethnicity, religion, or caste.