TLDR;
This video discusses the discovery and development of Ozempic and similar drugs, which originated from research on the Gila monster's digestive system. It covers how these drugs, initially for type 2 diabetes, have gained popularity for weight loss and potential benefits in Alzheimer's and heart disease. The video also addresses ethical concerns, side effects, and the impact of these drugs on the pharmaceutical industry and related sectors like fast food.
- Ozempic's active ingredient was discovered in Gila monster venom.
- These drugs mimic natural hormones in the body to regulate blood sugar and promote weight loss.
- While effective, these medications have side effects and raise ethical questions about their use for cosmetic purposes.
Giriş: Gila Canavarı ve Ozempic! [0:00]
The video introduces the Gila monster, a venomous reptile from the American Southwest, and explains how biologists studying its digestive system led to the discovery of Ozempic. Ozempic, originally developed for type 2 diabetes, has become popular worldwide due to its potential for weight loss and treatment of Alzheimer's and heart diseases. The presenter raises ethical concerns about its use for cosmetic weight loss by celebrities and questions whether it's ethical to stigmatize its use by those with chronic diseases.
Exendin-4 ve GLP-1: Gila Canavarlarından İnsanlara Bir "Sindirim Molekülü"! [1:32]
The video explains that Gila monsters eat infrequently but can consume large meals without experiencing blood sugar spikes. Biologists discovered that a hormone-like molecule called exendin-4, found in the Gila monster's venom, is responsible for this. Researchers found a similar molecule in the human gut called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which regulates blood sugar and creates a feeling of fullness, similar to insulin. The key difference is that exendin-4 remains in the Gila monster's bloodstream longer than GLP-1 does in humans.
İnkretin Nedir? [3:16]
The video describes how, in the 1930s, scientists knew that the body better regulates glucose taken orally compared to glucose injected directly into the bloodstream, but they didn't understand why. They hypothesized that molecules secreted in the digestive tract stimulate the pancreas to release insulin, and they named these mysterious molecules "incretins." It wasn't until the 1970s and 80s that scientists identified two critical incretins: GLP-1, which potently stimulates insulin secretion when blood sugar is high, and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide).
Diyabet Nedir? [4:40]
The video explains the two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood sugar, requiring constant monitoring and insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes develops later in life due to genetic and environmental factors, where the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading the pancreas to overproduce insulin until it eventually fails.
İnsülin Direnci Nasıl Oluşur? [6:08]
The video describes insulin resistance, a condition where cells become less responsive to insulin, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate. This overexertion eventually leads to the death of beta cells. As a result, blood sugar levels remain high after eating because the body cannot effectively use insulin or because beta cells have died.
Kan Şekerinin Yüksekliğinin Vücuda Zararları Neler? [6:58]
The video details the harmful effects of high blood sugar, explaining that sugar molecules transform into advanced glycation end products, which damage the body through oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. This can lead to diabetic retinopathy (eye damage), nephropathy (kidney damage), peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage in limbs), and cardiovascular disease. High blood sugar also weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of infections, and causes fatigue, thirst, frequent urination, vision problems, and skin issues. If uncontrolled, it can result in amputations, heart and kidney failure, and ultimately death.
Zehirden Diyabet İlacı Nasıl Üretildi? [8:09]
The video recounts how endocrinologist John Eng, who played a key role in discovering GLP-1, realized that exendin-4 from Gila monster venom could be used to create a diabetes drug. Despite initial skepticism from investors, Eng secured funding for a biotechnology firm to license the molecule. This led to the development of exenatide, which was approved for type 2 diabetes treatment in 2005 and marketed as Byetta, proving that a diabetes drug could indeed be derived from a deadly reptile's venom.
Tip 1 Diyabet Tedavi Edilebilir mi? [9:10]
The video clarifies that neither type 1 nor type 2 diabetes has a permanent cure; treatments only manage the diseases. Type 1 diabetes treatment involves regular insulin injections, often multiple times a day, to compensate for the body's inability to produce insulin. The video highlights the importance of providing affordable or free insulin pumps that continuously monitor blood sugar and administer insulin.
Tip 2 Diyabet Tedavi Edilebilir mi? [10:10]
The video explains that treating type 2 diabetes is more complex because it manifests differently in each patient. Many diabetes medications lower blood sugar by slowing the passage of food from the stomach to the intestines, reducing sugar absorption, or forcing beta cells to secrete insulin. However, these drugs often cause significant weight gain, leading to obesity, which worsens insulin resistance. Metformin, derived from the lilac plant, regulates blood sugar by slowing glucose production in the liver without causing weight gain, but it is often insufficient on its own. DPP4 inhibitors, which prevent the breakdown of GLP-1 and GIP, have limited glucose control. Bietta, which directly provides GLP-1, was a breakthrough due to its effectiveness in controlling blood sugar and causing weight loss.
Diyabet İlaçları Obeziteyi Yavaşlatabilir mi? [13:15]
The video discusses how Novo Nordisk discovered that some obese diabetes patients were losing so much weight on GLP-1 drugs that they were no longer considered obese. This led to the idea of using these drugs to slow the growing obesity pandemic. In 2014, they developed a higher-dose liraglutide medication called Saxenda, which was highly successful in weight loss. Other companies followed suit, developing drugs like Dulaglutide and Lisenatide, with decreasing injection frequencies and increasing effectiveness. However, these drugs had significant side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. Novo Nordisk then developed semaglutide (Ozempic), which is highly stable in the blood and results in patients losing up to 10-15% of their weight by reducing appetite and calorie intake. In 2021, Novo Nordisk released a higher-dose version of Ozempic called Wegovy, specifically for obesity treatment.
Tirzepatide: GLP-1 ve GIP Birleşirse Ne Olur? [15:50]
The video explains that scientists at Eli Lilly questioned what would happen if they combined a GLP-1 agonist with GIP, another incretin. This led to the creation of tirzepatide (Mounjaro), which not only controlled blood sugar more effectively but also resulted in weight loss of up to 20-25%. Eli Lilly then released Zepbound, directly targeting obesity. Some patients experienced weight loss of 30-50%, comparable to or better than bariatric surgery, but achieved through weekly injections.
İlaçlar Sağlığımızda Başka Neleri Düzeltebilir? [17:26]
The video notes that patients using these drugs reported reduced alcohol consumption. Studies suggest these drugs may help combat alcoholism. Animal studies indicate potential benefits for neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, which is logical since Alzheimer's is linked to blood sugar and sometimes called type 3 diabetes. Novo Nordisk's market value surpassed Denmark's total GDP due to Ozempic's success.
Ozempic ile Obezite Kalıcı Olarak Çözüldü mü? [18:43]
The video emphasizes that these drugs are not permanent cures for diabetes or obesity. When medication is stopped, blood sugar levels become uncontrolled, and hunger returns. These drugs offer an easier, faster, and more effective way to manage these conditions and provide an opportunity for a better life. However, healthy eating and exercise remain crucial.
İlaçların Yan Etkileri Neler? [19:57]
The video addresses the side effects of these medications, which include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and reflux. While some patients experience no side effects, others find them severe enough to discontinue use. Rarely, pancreatitis can occur, and high doses in mice have caused thyroid tumors, though this hasn't been observed in humans. Some patients experience difficulty eating, leading to a loss of psychological pleasure from food, or hair loss and facial changes due to rapid weight loss, which are common with any rapid weight loss, not just these drugs.
Uzun Kullanımda Nasıl Etkiler Görebiliriz? [21:22]
The video notes that while short and medium-term use of these drugs appears safe, the long-term effects are still unknown. Unlike vaccines, these drugs are taken regularly, potentially causing long-term changes in the body. Research is ongoing, and while there's no reason to be pessimistic, a cautiously optimistic approach is warranted.
Mikrodozlama İle Kilo Verilebilir mi? [22:06]
The video discusses how people are using these drugs off-label, without diabetes or obesity, to lose weight, sometimes through "microdosing" (using lower or less frequent doses). This is considered off-label use, with unstudied and potentially dangerous effects. It also reduces access for those who genuinely need the medication. Production of Ozempic and Zepbound has struggled to meet demand, making them less accessible to patients who need them.
İlaçlar Dünya’yı Nasıl Değiştiriyor? [23:19]
The video highlights the broader impact of these drugs, noting that obesity rates in the US have decreased for the first time since the 1980s, largely due to these medications. These drugs also reduce secondary diseases associated with obesity and diabetes, such as heart, brain, kidney, liver, and lung diseases. This could significantly reduce the disease burden on countries. Additionally, these drugs are disrupting industries that profit from unhealthy habits, such as fast food and sugary drinks, leading companies like McDonald's and Pepsi to change their strategies. The reduction in chronic diseases may also decrease the need for expensive surgeries like amputations and bypasses, affecting the value of companies that produce related equipment.
Kapanış [25:13]
The video concludes by emphasizing that while these changes are positive, they ideally wouldn't require medication. The presenter stresses the importance of using drugs appropriately and avoiding generalizations about their use. Each patient should be evaluated by a doctor to determine the best treatment. The video's main takeaway is the importance of basic research in biology, chemistry, physics, and geology, which may not have immediate benefits but can lead to significant advancements. The presenter encourages viewers to watch a related video on obesity and promises to share new findings in the future.
