Ijtihad || Pengertian, Dasar Hukum dan Ruang Lingkup

Brief Summary

This video explains ijtihad in Islamic jurisprudence (Usul Fiqh). It covers the definition of ijtihad, its legal basis in the Quran and Sunnah, its scope, and its different types. Ijtihad is defined as the effort to derive Sharia law from detailed propositions, especially in new matters not explicitly covered by existing texts.

• Ijtihad is crucial for adapting Sharia law to modern issues.
• The legal basis for ijtihad is found in the Quran and Sunnah.
• Ijtihad involves interpreting texts and applying principles to new situations.

Introduction to Ijtihad

The video introduces the concept of ijtihad as a necessary process for Muslims to base their lives on Sharia law, especially in the face of modern technological advancements. It emphasizes that existing legal products may not cover new issues, necessitating a reevaluation of fiqh through ijtihad. The presenter underscores the importance of mastering the methods of ijtihad for those who undertake it.

Definition of Ijtihad

Ijtihad is derived from "al-jahdu" or "al-juhad," meaning difficulties and exertion of capability. Etymologically, it means expending all abilities to complete a task. Terminologically, it involves deriving Sharia law from detailed propositions, as defined by Sheikh Wahbah Juhaili. Imam Ghazali describes it as exerting maximum effort in a job, applicable when there is a significant burden. Ijtihad, in the context of scholars, refers to a mujtahid's earnest effort to seek knowledge of Sharia laws.

Legal Basis of Ijtihad

The legal basis for ijtihad is found in the Quran, specifically Surah An-Nisa verse 105, which instructs to determine matters between people as shown by Allah. Additionally, the Sunnah provides a basis, as narrated by Imam asy-Syafi'i, quoting a hadith where the Prophet Muhammad stated that a judge who makes ijtihad and is correct receives two rewards, while one who is wrong receives one reward.

Scope of Ijtihad

The scope of ijtihad is divided into two categories: problems not definitively determined by Quranic texts and hadiths (Al masa ilul furu'iyatul dhoniyah), and new issues not mentioned in the Quran, Hadith, or Ijma (consensus) of the scholars (al-masa ilul fiqiyah Al waqiyah Al mu'asyrah). The first category involves interpreting texts with multiple interpretations, while the second addresses contemporary issues requiring new legal rulings.

Types of Ijtihad

Ijtihad is divided into three types: explaining Sharia laws from the nasna syar'i (Al ijtihadul Bani), laying down Sharia laws for new events by using qiyas (analogical reasoning) on what is contained in the Nasna of Sharia law (AL ijtihadul is), and laying down Sharia laws for events not contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah using istishlah (considerations of public interest) (AL ijtihadul). Istishlah aims to maintain the interests of human life by attracting benefits and rejecting harm.