![AP Human Geography Unit 7 Live Review! [Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes]](https://wm-img.halpindev.com/p-briefread_c-10_b-10/urlb/aHR0cDovL2ltZy55b3V0dWJlLmNvbS92aS83cFF1MW42WElHOC9tYXhyZXNkZWZhdWx0LmpwZw==.jpg)
Brief Summary
This YouTube video by Mr. Sinn provides a comprehensive review of Unit 7 in AP Human Geography, focusing on industrial and economic development patterns and processes. The review covers key concepts, models, and terminology essential for the AP exam.
- Industrial Revolution and its impacts
- Economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary)
- Models of economic development (Rostow's stages, Wallerstein's world system theory, dependency theory)
- Globalization, trade policies, and organizations
Intro
Mr. Sinn introduces the live stream as a comprehensive review of AP Human Geography Unit 7, emphasizing that the session will cover concepts listed in the College Board's exam description (CED). He mentions available resources like guided notes and the ultimate review packet for note-taking. The session will consist of going through the notes and then doing the cahoot at the second half.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution had massive impacts, including food surpluses, a new globalized community, colonization, and imperialism. Workers shifted from primary to secondary sector jobs, leading to manufacturing growth and new social classes. The Industrial Revolution connects to various units, such as Unit 2 (demographic transition model), Unit 5 (agricultural revolutions and the enclosure movement), and Unit 6 (urban areas and cities). The social changes included the creation of new class systems with the urban poor, middle class, and upper economic class. The Industrial Revolution also spurred colonialism and imperialism, leading to the diffusion of religions and cultural changes like assimilation, acculturation, and creolization.
Cottage Industries
Cottage industries, small-scale businesses operating out of homes using traditional techniques, were phased out by the Industrial Revolution due to the efficiency of mass production in factories.
Uneven Economic Development
Uneven economic development occurs globally, not just in specific countries or cities. The Industrial Revolution led to increased inequality both socially and globally, with some countries becoming dependent on others due to the exploitation of natural resources.
Economic Sectors
The primary sector involves the extraction of natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing). The secondary sector involves manufacturing and construction, using raw materials to produce goods. The tertiary sector provides services (e.g., teaching, retail, healthcare). The quaternary sector focuses on acquiring, processing, and sharing information (e.g., journalism, research, data analysis). The quinary sector involves decision-making roles (e.g., CEOs, government leaders).
Value Added Product
A value-added product is something that has been processed to increase its overall value, with the final good being worth more than the raw resources used to create it. For example, coffee from Starbucks is more expensive than the individual raw resources that went into it.
Capital Investment
Capital investment refers to the resources that go into an activity, project, or business to generate future profits. This can include money, raw resources, or infrastructure components.
Industrialization and De-industrialization
As societies progress from pre-industrial to industrial and post-industrial stages, the proportion of jobs in each economic sector changes. Pre-industrial societies have mostly primary sector jobs. Industrialization leads to an increase in secondary sector jobs and a decline in primary sector jobs. De-industrialization occurs when secondary sector jobs decrease, and tertiary sector jobs increase.
Break of Bulk Point
A break-of-bulk point is a location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another.
Weber's Least Cost Theory
Weber's least cost theory involves three factors: agglomeration (clustering of businesses), labor costs, and transportation costs. Companies cluster to reduce costs and attract more customers. The location of production depends on whether the good is bulk-reducing (locating closer to natural resources) or bulk-gaining (locating closer to the market).
Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery Countries
Core countries are economically advanced with more tertiary, quaternary, and quinary jobs and higher labor costs. Semi-periphery countries are developing with more secondary jobs. Periphery countries are the least economically developed, often exporting raw resources to more developed countries.
Multinational Corporation
A multinational corporation is a company that has business operations in at least one country other than its home country.
Formal and Informal Economies
The formal economy is recognized and regulated by laws and the government, while the informal economy is not regulated or protected by the government.
GDP, GNP, and GNI
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the goods and services produced within a country's boundaries. GNP (Gross National Product) measures the total economic output produced by a country's residents and businesses, regardless of location. GNI (Gross National Income) measures the total income generated by a country's residents and businesses both domestically and abroad.
Gender Inequality Measures
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating more inequalities between women and men. Maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate are also indicators of gender inequality.
Demographic Measures
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of deaths under one year of age. As economic development happens and IMR falls, family sizes tend to shrink.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) ranges from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better human development. It tracks development over time and helps identify areas for improvement.
Energy Consumption and Pollution
As economic development and industrialization occur, energy consumption and pollution generally increase.
Microloans and Microfinancing
Microloans are small loans provided to individuals, often women, in developing regions who are excluded from traditional banking services. Microfinancing is a broader category that includes services like savings accounts, insurance, and money transfer services.
Gender Parity
Gender parity refers to equality between men and women. Economic development generally leads to increased gender equality.
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
Rostow's model includes five stages: traditional society (subsistence economy, primary sector jobs), preconditions for takeoff (economic growth, infrastructure investment), takeoff (rapid economic growth, shift to secondary sector jobs), drive to maturity (global trade participation, shift to consumer goods), and high mass consumption (tertiary jobs, independence from outside forces). Critiques of the model include its failure to account for historical factors like colonialism and imperialism.
Wallerstein's World System Theory
Wallerstein's world system theory categorizes countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery, highlighting interdependence. Core countries benefit the most from global trade, exploiting cheaper labor and raw resources from periphery and semi-periphery countries. Critiques include its failure to account for efforts by groups and organizations to help developing areas.
Dependency Theory
Dependency theory suggests that more economically developed countries disproportionately benefit from global trade, while developing countries are often exploited. Decolonization often leaves former colonies dependent on colonizing countries.
Commodity Dependence
Commodity dependence occurs when over 60% of a country's total exports are made up of a commodity, making the country susceptible to price changes in that commodity.
Globalization
Globalization is the process by which countries, economies, cultures, and businesses are interconnected and interdependent on one another.
Free Trade Policies and Neoliberal Policies
Neoliberal policies focus on individual freedom over government control, promoting free trade markets. Free trade involves international trade without barriers like tariffs.
Trade Organizations
Various organizations foster and promote greater globalization by reducing trade barriers and working to improve their particular organization or country.
Tariff
A tariff is a tax or duty imposed by a government on goods and services coming into the country, often to promote domestic production.
Complimentary Trade and Comparative Advantage
Complimentary trade occurs when countries have goods or resources that the other needs. Comparative advantage refers to countries focusing on producing what they are best at, specializing and becoming more efficient.
Interdependence and Economic Restructuring
Increased international trade leads to more de-industrialization and greater global interdependence. Economic restructuring involves shifts in production, employment, investment, and trade.
Offshoring and Outsourcing
Offshoring is the process of relocating a business to a different country. Outsourcing is when a business contracts a service to a different provider.
Economic Zones
Special economic zones provide economic incentives to attract foreign investment. Free trade zones allow countries to import goods without tariffs. Export processing zones offer economic regulations and incentives to produce goods for export.
International Division of Labor
The international division of labor involves core countries losing secondary sector jobs to periphery and semi-periphery countries.
Multiplier Effect
The multiplier effect is a phenomenon where an initial investment leads to additional economic growth as workers spend their income, creating new jobs and businesses.
Fordism and Post-Fordism
Fordism involves mass production of standardized goods, while post-Fordism involves more flexible production styles with greater variety and customization.
Economies of Scale
Economies of scale occur when a company grows and gains access to more capital, allowing it to produce more products at a cheaper per-unit cost.
Just-in-Time Delivery and Growth Poles
Just-in-time delivery involves factories receiving parts right when they need them, reducing inventory costs but increasing the risk of supply chain disruptions. Growth poles are specific regions or cities focused on one economic sector, promoting industry growth through agglomeration.
UN Sustainable Development Goals
Countries that follow the UN sustainable development goals generally see more economic development and a higher standard of living.
Sustainability, Degradation, and Ecotourism
Sustainability involves using Earth's resources in a way that allows others to use them in the future. Degradation refers to the deterioration of the quality of natural resources. Ecotourism is a form of tourism focused on responsible travel, preserving the environment, protecting local people, and promoting local cultures.
