TLDR;
Alright guys, so this is a Hindi marathon class by Rojgar with Ankit. The class covers 26 chapters of Hindi grammar, from the basics of वर्णमाला to अलंकार. The aim is to help you ace any exam with Hindi in the syllabus.
- Covers 26 chapters of Hindi grammar
- Aims to help students ace any exam with Hindi in the syllabus
- Starts with वर्णमाला and ends with अलंकार
Intro about Class [0:00]
Namaste doston! This is a special Hindi marathon on Gandhi Jayanti and Lal Bahadur Shastri Jayanti. The aim is to make Hindi easy for any exam, even if you don't know Hindi at all. The class will be 12 hours long, so you need to be supportive and avoid any disturbances.
Topics of Hindi Marathon [2:18]
Alright, so today we're going to cover 26 chapters in this 12-hour marathon. You can take a screenshot of the chapter list for reference. The chapters are arranged in a way that each chapter builds on the previous one.
वर्णमाला [3:08]
वर्णमाला is a systematic group of वर्ण. In English, you have A, B, C; similarly, in Hindi, it's a systematic arrangement of वर्ण. A word is a combination of अक्षरस, which can't be broken down further. An अक्षर is something that cannot be destroyed. वर्ण is the smallest written unit of a language. For example, राम is a word, and its smallest unit is वर्ण. A व्यंजन (consonant) is always written with a स्वर (vowel). A व्यंजन is written with a हलंत (a diagonal stroke under the letter). स्वर are independent and don't need व्यंजनs to be pronounced.
लिंग [1:28:14]
In Hindi, there are only two लिंगs: स्त्रीलिंग (feminine) and पुल्लिंग (masculine). There is no नपुंसकलिंग. स्त्रीलिंग denotes female gender, and पुल्लिंग denotes male gender. To identify the लिंग of a word, use सर्वनाम (pronoun) like "mera" or "meri", विशेषण (adjective) like "achha" or "acchi", or क्रिया (verb) like "raha hai" or "rahi hai". For example, "sadak" is स्त्रीलिंग because we say "meri sadak" and "sadak achhi hai". Words ending in ऋतु (seasons), तिथि (dates), नदी (rivers), and बोली (dialects) are generally स्त्रीलिंग. भाववाचक संज्ञाs (abstract nouns) are also generally स्त्रीलिंग, especially those ending in "ta" or "i".
वचन [2:08:40]
वचन are of two types: एकवचन (singular) and बहुवचन (plural). एकवचन denotes one, and बहुवचन denotes more than one. To determine the वचन, use विशेषण or कारक. For example, "sadak" can be "sadak" or "sadke". "Sadko chauda karna zaroori hai" uses कारक, so "sadko" is बहुवचन. For स्त्रीलिंग words ending in "i", change "i" to "iya". For example, "ladki" becomes "ladkiyan". If there's a chandrabindu, use that; otherwise, use the simple form.
वर्तनी शुद्धि [2:32:36]
There are some rules for using बिंदी (anuswar). It's not used at the beginning of a word, in English words, when a letter is repeated, or after an उपसर्ग (prefix). Also, if there's an anuswar before or after a letter, don't use बिंदी. For example, चामुंडा is correct.
शब्द विचार [2:58:10]
There are three types of words based on रचना (structure): रूढ़ (simple), यौगिक (compound), and योगरूढ़ (special compound). रूढ़ words can't be broken down, यौगिक words are made of two रूढ़ words, and योगरूढ़ words refer to a third entity. Based on उत्पत्ति (origin), there are five types: तत्सम (Sanskrit), तद्भव (derived from Sanskrit), देशज (local), विदेशज (foreign), and शंकर (hybrid). Based on अर्थ (meaning), there are सार्थक (meaningful) and निरर्थक (meaningless) words. Based on विकार (change), there are विकारी (changeable) and अविकारी (unchangeable) words.
संज्ञा [3:36:23]
संज्ञा (noun) is the name of a person, place, thing, or भाव (emotion). There are two types: यथार्थ (real) and अयथार्थ (unreal). In modern Hindi, there are three भेद (types): व्यक्तिवाचक (proper noun), जातिवाचक (common noun), and भाववाचक (abstract noun). व्यक्तिवाचक is unique, जातिवाचक has many similar things, and भाववाचक can't be touched or seen. भाववाचक संज्ञा can be formed from विशेषण (adjective), क्रिया (verb), सर्वनाम (pronoun), and अव्यय (indeclinable).
सर्वनाम [4:00:57]
सर्वनाम (pronoun) is used in place of संज्ञा to avoid repetition and make sentences better. There are 11 सर्वनाम words: मैं, तुम, आप, यह, वह, जो, सो, कोई, कुछ, कौन, क्या. There are six भेद (types) of सर्वनाम: पुरुषवाचक (personal), निश्चयवाचक (definite), अनिश्चयवाचक (indefinite), प्रश्नवाचक (interrogative), संबंधवाचक (relative), and निजवाचक (reflexive). पुरुषवाचक has three types: उत्तम (first person), मध्यम (second person), and अन्य (third person).
विशेषण [4:20:22]
विशेषण (adjective) describes संज्ञा or सर्वनाम. The word it describes is called विशेष्य. If विशेषण comes before विशेष्य, it's called उद्देश्य विशेषण; if it comes after, it's called विधेय विशेषण. Based on संरचना (structure) and प्रयोग (use), there are four types: संख्यावाचक (numerical), परिमाणवाचक (quantitative), संकेतवाचक (demonstrative), and गुणवाचक (qualitative). Some add व्यक्तिवाचक as a fifth type.
क्रिया [4:53:44]
क्रिया (verb) indicates an action. It's formed from धातु (root). There are two types of धातु: मूल धातु (original root) and व्युत्पन्न धातु (derived root). क्रिया is formed by adding "na" to मूल धातु. Adding "ana" creates प्रथम प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया, and adding "wana" creates द्वितीय प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया. Based on कर्म (object), क्रिया is of two types: अकर्मक (intransitive) and सकर्मक (transitive). Based on संरचना (structure) and प्रयोग (use), there are संयुक्त क्रिया, पूर्वकालिक क्रिया, प्रेरणार्थक क्रिया, नामधातु क्रिया, and सहायक क्रिया.
संधि [5:13:21]
संधि (joining) is the combination of two वर्णs, resulting in a change. There are three भेद (types): स्वर संधि (vowel), व्यंजन संधि (consonant), and विसर्ग संधि (visarga). स्वर संधि has five भेद: दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, and अयादि. दीर्घ संधि involves joining similar vowels, गुण संधि involves joining "a" with "i" or "u", and वृद्धि संधि involves joining "a" with "e" or "o". यण संधि involves changing "i", "u", or "ri" before a dissimilar vowel.
उपसर्ग व प्रत्यय [6:23:05]
उपसर्ग (prefix) is added before a word, and प्रत्यय (suffix) is added after a word. They are both शब्दांश (parts of words) and don't have their own meaning. There are four methods of word formation: संधि, समास, उपसर्ग, and प्रत्यय. There are 22 उपसर्गs in Sanskrit, Hindi, and foreign languages. There are two types of प्रत्यय: कृत (added to verbs) and तद्धित (added to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives).
काल [6:57:27]
काल (tense) indicates the time of an action. There are three भेद (types): भूतकाल (past), वर्तमान काल (present), and भविष्यत काल (future). भूतकाल has six भेद: सामान्य भूतकाल (simple past), आसन्न भूतकाल (recent past), पूर्ण भूतकाल (perfect past), अपूर्ण भूतकाल (imperfect past), संदिग्ध भूतकाल (doubtful past), and हेतुहेतुमद् भूतकाल (conditional past). वर्तमान काल has five भेद: सामान्य वर्तमान (simple present), अपूर्ण वर्तमान (imperfect present), संदिग्ध वर्तमान (doubtful present), संभाव्य वर्तमान (probable present), and आज्ञार्थक वर्तमान (imperative present). भविष्यत काल has three भेद: सामान्य भविष्यत (simple future), संभाव्य भविष्यत (probable future), and हेतुहेतुमद् भविष्यत (conditional future).
कारक [7:15:38]
कारक (case) connects संज्ञा or सर्वनाम to क्रिया. There are eight कारकs: कर्ता (nominative), कर्म (accusative), करण (instrumental), संप्रदान (dative), अपादान (ablative), संबंध (genitive), अधिकरण (locative), and संबोधन (vocative). However, only six are used to connect संज्ञा or सर्वनाम. Each कारक has a विभक्ति (case ending) that identifies it.
समास [7:30:07]
समास (compound) is the shortening of words. The shortened form is called समस्त पद. There are six भेद (types) of समास: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, and कर्मधारय. द्विगु समास has a numerical first पद, द्वंद्व समास has both पदs प्रधान, and कर्मधारय समास has विशेषण-विशेष्य or उपमेय-उपमान.
विलोम शब्द [8:26:45]
This chapter is about विलोम शब्द (antonyms).
पर्यायवाची शब्द [8:48:17]
This chapter is about पर्यायवाची शब्द (synonyms).
श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द [9:13:17]
This chapter is about श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द, which are words that sound similar but have different meanings.
अव्यय [9:47:50]
अव्यय (indeclinable) words don't change based on लिंग, वचन, or कारक. There are five types: क्रिया विशेषण (adverb), समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction), संबंधबोधक (preposition), विस्मयादिबोधक (interjection), and निपात (particle).
वाक्य [10:01:30]
वाक्य (sentence) is a group of words that make complete sense. A sentence should have योग्यता (capability), आकांक्षा (expectation), निकटता (proximity), पदक्रम (word order), and अन्वय (agreement). There are two अंग (parts) of a sentence: उद्देश्य (subject) and विधेय (predicate). Based on रचना (structure), there are three भेद (types): सरल वाक्य (simple), संयुक्त वाक्य (compound), and मिश्रित वाक्य (complex).
वाच्य [10:15:50]
वाच्य (voice) indicates the prominence of कर्ता (subject), कर्म (object), or भाव (emotion) in a sentence. There are three types: कर्तृवाच्य (active voice), कर्मवाच्य (passive voice), and भाववाच्य (impersonal voice).
वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द [10:22:42]
This chapter is about वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द (one-word substitutes).
रस सिद्धांत [10:37:05]
रस (sentiment) is the soul of poetry, providing aesthetic pleasure. The रस सिद्धांत was given by आचार्य भरत in his नाट्यशास्त्र. There are four अंग (elements) of रस: स्थायी भाव (dominant emotion), विभाव (determinant), अनुभाव (consequent), and संचारी भाव (transitory emotion).
छंद [11:03:10]
छंद (meter) is the rhythmic structure of poetry. It's taken from ऋग्वेद and was explained by पिंगल ऋषि, hence it's also called पिंगल. There are seven अंग (elements) of छंद: मात्रा (syllable count), वर्ण (letters), यति (pause), गति (rhythm), तुक (rhyme), चरण (line), and गण (group).
अलंकार [11:35:14]
अलंकार (figure of speech) enhances the beauty of काव्य (poetry). There are two types: शब्दालंकार (verbal) and अर्थालंकार (semantic). अनुप्रास is a शब्दालंकार where वर्णs are repeated. यमक is a शब्दालंकार where words are repeated with different meanings. उपमा is an अर्थालंकार where comparison is made.