TLDR;
Alright, so this video is basically about the wonders of algae, especially microalgae like spirulina. It covers everything from algae's role in creating the oxygen we breathe to its potential as a superfood, medicine, and even biofuel. The speaker, Dr. Surendra Singh, shares his personal experiences in algae biotechnology and stresses the importance of recognizing algae's contribution to human and environmental well-being.
- Algae are the OG oxygen producers on Earth.
- Spirulina is a protein powerhouse and a nutritional goldmine.
- Algae have diverse applications, from food and cosmetics to biofuel and bioremediation.
Introduction to Algae [1:48]
The speaker starts off by saying that algae are often dismissed as mere scum, but they actually play a vital role in human life and the environment. Algae are lower plants found everywhere, from fresh water to oceans and even extreme environments like Antarctica. His PhD supervisor found blue-green algae growing in glaciers. They can survive in temperatures from -70°C to +70°C, making them pretty much omnipresent.
Algae's Role in Earth's Atmosphere [4:12]
The speaker highlights that the oxygen in today's atmosphere is majorly due to photosynthetic activity that began with blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Initially, Earth had no oxygen, and these microorganisms were the first to produce it through photosynthesis, changing the planet's environment from anoxic to oxygenic. This happened about 3.6 billion years ago. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic, lacking membrane-bound organelles, and are considered the first algae. Fossils of similar organisms have even been found on Mars.
Algae as Oxygen Producers and Primary Producers [8:58]
Algae are photosynthetic and produce oxygen, with 70% of the planet's oxygen coming from algae in oceans. They are primary producers in ecosystems, serving as a food source for aquatic and terrestrial life. Algae contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which converts into omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, important for immune system development, brain function, and heart health. Fish get GLA from algae, which is why doctors recommend fish oil for eye problems.
Types of Algae and Their Uses [12:09]
Algae are divided into macroalgae (mostly multicellular) and microalgae. Macroalgae are critical food for near-shore animals. Examples include giant kelp, Ulva (sea lettuce), and various brown and red algae found in the sea. The speaker mentions a large algal research center in Mandapam, India, where scientists collect and study marine algae for industrial applications. Algae also fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, mitigating the greenhouse effect. Some blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen, making them useful as biofertilizers in rice agriculture.
Economic Importance of Algae [15:51]
Algae have been used by humans for food, medicine, and other purposes for ages. They are primary producers, produce oxygen, and reduce water pollution. Agar-agar, a solidifying agent used in microbiology labs and the food industry, is obtained from red algae. Diatomite, derived from diatom walls, is used in filtration, refining, and even dynamite production. Carrageenan, extracted from certain algae, is used in food, textiles, leather, and pharmaceuticals. Iodine is mainly derived from brown algae like Laminaria.
Types of Algae: Micro and Macro [19:10]
The speaker shows photographs of microalgae and macroalgae. Macroalgae, visible to the naked eye, include red, brown, and green algae, often called seaweed. The Red Sea's color comes from red algae growth. Kelp and brown algae are found in coastal areas and used in foods like sushi. Green algae are common in fresh water, like ponds and rivers. Microalgae, smaller in size, are unique sources of carotenoids, antioxidants, fatty acids, enzymes, and other compounds.
Key Microalgae: Spirulina, Dunaliella, and Haematococcus [21:40]
Spirulina is highlighted as a protein-rich microalga (71% protein). Dunaliella is a source of beta-carotene (provitamin A), and Haematococcus contains 70% oil and is used in biodiesel production. Nitrogen-fixing algae like Nostoc are used as biofertilizers in rice agriculture. Algal biotechnology uses algae in food, cosmetics, biofertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and biodiesel.
Algae as Food: Products and Applications [23:20]
The speaker shows various food products made from algae, developed with technology from the Central Food and Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) in Mysore. Spirulina is available as powder and tablets and can be added to shakes, burgers, paneer, and sweets. Algae can be used to make biscuits, chocolates, papads, cakes, noodles, and pasta. The speaker shares his experience developing spirulina-based products at a biotech company in Chandigarh.
Protein Content Comparison [25:35]
The speaker compares the protein content of various foods, emphasizing the importance of protein in the diet (about 1 gram per kilogram of body weight). Milk contains about 3.5% protein, eggs 12%, apples 0.2%, and bananas 1.7%. In contrast, algae (cyanobacteria) contain 71% protein. He points out that wheat and rice are primarily sources of carbohydrates, not protein, and that many people consume too much starch instead of protein.
Importance of Protein and Vitamin B12 [26:59]
Protein is essential for building and maintaining muscles and overall body function. Dark circles around the eyes can indicate impaired protein metabolism. The speaker also highlights the importance of vitamin B12, comparing its content in various foods. Algae have the highest B12 content. Similarly, algae are a rich source of vitamin A.
Carbohydrate Content and Spirulina's Structure [29:30]
The carbohydrate content in different algae is compared, noting that spirulina has only 14% carbohydrates, making it suitable for those watching their weight. Spirulina is named for its spiral structure and is a blue-green alga that originated 3.6 billion years ago. It thrives in warm, alkaline fresh water with a pH of 9 to 12.
Historical Background and Nutritional Composition of Spirulina [33:58]
Spirulina was used by the Aztec people in South America as far back as 1594. It was first discovered in Lake Chad, Africa, in 1940. The nutritional composition of spirulina includes 65-70% protein, 5% fats, and low carbohydrates. Its pigment composition is dominated by phycocyanin (a blue pigment), along with chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Benefits of Spirulina [35:40]
Spirulina is rich in iron, magnesium, and trace minerals, promoting healthy nerves and tissues. It is a high source of vitamin B12, important for eye health and vision. Spirulina builds muscle mass, increases stamina, supports healthy digestion, and acts as a natural cleanser. It contains GLA, which is anti-aging and has anti-cancer, anti-HIV, and anti-diabetic properties. Spirulina contains 45 major nutrients needed for the body's smooth functioning. The Indian Army supplies spirulina tablets to soldiers in high-altitude areas like Siachen.
Traditional Harvesting of Spirulina [37:04]
In Lake Chad, Africa, local tribes traditionally harvest spirulina, known locally as "dihé," using a unique method. Women collect the algae and filter it using sand, which acts as a filtration system. The filtered algae are then dried in the sun, forming cakes that are sold in the market. This practice has been going on for centuries without the tribes knowing the nutritional value of spirulina.
Spirulina Cultivation and Production [39:33]
The speaker shares his experience establishing a spirulina cultivation facility. Initially, the goal was to produce biodiesel from algae, but they shifted to spirulina cultivation due to its high protein content. The process involved scaling up the culture from small volumes in the lab to large outdoor cemented ponds. The cultivated spirulina was then filtered, washed, and spray-dried into powder, which was used to make tablets and capsules.
Spirulina Products and Their Applications [41:59]
The spirulina products were formulated for different sectors, including athletes (energy source) and men (fertility enhancement). Fresh spirulina culture was also consumed directly by the laborers. The speaker mentions selling protein-rich spirulina biscuits at exhibitions, highlighting their high demand. Spirulina is recognized as a food supplement and is available over the counter.
Global Spirulina Campaign [44:14]
The speaker was appointed as a principal technical advisor to IIMSAM (Intergovernmental Institution for the Use of Micro-algae Spirulina Against Malnutrition) for South Asia. IIMSAM is an organization with permanent observer status in the United Nations Economic Development Council. The UN declared spirulina a "super food for tomorrow" in 1974. The campaign aims to combat malnutrition, as a child dies every six seconds due to malnutrition worldwide.
Efforts to Combat Malnutrition with Spirulina [45:34]
The speaker discusses efforts to promote spirulina use against malnutrition, including brand ambassadors like Tushar Gandhi and Sanjay Dutt. Mama Sarah Obama, the grandmother of President Obama, worked as a brand ambassador in Kenya, promoting spirulina cultivation and consumption to reduce malnutrition. The goal is to provide sufficient food to expecting and feeding mothers and children to reduce child and maternal mortality.
Challenges and Opportunities [47:59]
Despite awareness of spirulina's benefits, large-scale production and distribution remain a challenge. A campaign is needed to use spirulina as a tool against malnutrition, hunger, and poverty. The speaker emphasizes the need to think about the best sources of protein for ourselves and our children.
Nutritional Benefits of Algae [49:07]
The speaker reiterates the nutritional benefits of algae, including high protein content, vitamins, and minerals. He mentions that spirulina is grown without toxic pesticides and herbicides. Reducing the cost of the culture medium is a key challenge in making spirulina production economically feasible. Spirulina can be grown in brackish or alkaline water, which is unsuitable for agriculture.
Benefits of Algal Consumption [51:59]
Algae are a rich source of beta-carotene, which helps prevent certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases. They contain antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and toxins. Algae support the development of necessary enzymes for better digestion and reduce the occurrence of abdominal diseases. They are also a source of GLA, essential for the development and growth of babies.
Algae as Immunity Boosters and Alkaline Food [54:15]
Algae boost immunity, fight infections, and detoxify the immune system. They are considered a natural source of alkaline food, which helps balance the body's pH. An alkaline diet is important for overall health.
Algae Cultivation in Israel [54:57]
The speaker shares his experience working in Israel as a visiting scientist, growing red microalgae outdoors using glass photobioreactors. The red algae produced extracellular polysaccharides with antiviral properties, used in various industries.
Algae as Animal Feed [56:49]
Algae can be used as animal feed, particularly in aquaculture. Spirulina is added to fish feed to enhance immunity and coloration. The speaker mentions a student from Orissa who completed his master's degree on using algae as feed for aquatic life. In poultry, algae increase calcium content, egg-laying, and reduce mortality. In animals, algae reduce osteoporosis and increase milk production.
Therapeutic Agents and Benefits for Pets [1:00:15]
Algae stimulate stem cell formation and migration of natural killer cells. They contain omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, which promote heart health. Phycocyanin helps prevent inflammation. Spirulina has properties that can stop HIV virus replication and reduce kidney and liver toxins. It is also an inhibitor of herpes simplex virus and provides chemo-prevention of oral cancer.
Benefits for Pregnant and Nursing Women [1:02:43]
Algae are beneficial for pregnant and nursing women, providing sufficient nutrition to the fetus and enhancing lactation. They contain vitamin B complex, such as folic acid, which is beneficial for brain development and avoids miscarriages.
Algae in Cosmetics [1:03:32]
Algae are used in the cosmetic industry as a source of colors and other beneficial compounds. They are found in lipsticks, gels, shampoos, and various other products. Algae stimulate local blood circulation, tone skin tissues, and prevent fine lines and wrinkles. They have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, making them useful in face masks and other skincare products.
Phycocyanin and its Uses [1:08:11]
Phycocyanin, the blue pigment in blue-green algae, has anti-cancer and fluorescent properties. It can be purified and used as a food-grade color, a reactive grade for cosmetics, and an analytical grade as a fluorescent dye in medical diagnostics.
Spirulina Industry and Market Insights [1:09:58]
The speaker shares insights into the spirulina industry, noting that spirulina powder costs around ₹3,000-₹5,000 per kilogram, while tablets and capsules can cost ₹80,000-₹90,000 per kilogram. He reveals that the markup on spirulina products can be 5 to 10 times the cost of production.
Phycocyanin as a Biomarker [1:15:04]
Analytical grade phycocyanin is used as a biomarker for identifying cancer and cardiovascular diseases. It is used in angiography and other diagnostic tests. The cost of analytical grade phycocyanin in the international market is ₹80-₹90 lakh per gram.
Other Algal Pigments and Their Uses [1:16:32]
Phycoerythrin, a red pigment found in red algae, has similar properties to phycocyanin and is used in the food, cosmetic, and biomarker industries. Dunaliella is a rich source of beta-carotene, and Haematococcus is a source of astaxanthin, both with antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.
Algae as a Source of Biofuel [1:19:14]
Algae can be used as a source of biodiesel, bioethanol, and biobutanol. Various green algae, such as Botryococcus and Chlorella, are used to extract fats and oils for biofuel production. The speaker mentions that any oil can be converted into biodiesel, but the Indian government prohibits the conversion of edible oils to avoid a crisis.
Advantages of Algal Biofuel [1:22:19]
Algal biofuel has superior properties compared to conventional biodiesel, including no sulfur content, superior lubricating properties, and higher combustion efficiency. Algae produce significantly more biodiesel per acre compared to other sources like corn, soybeans, and mustard seeds.
Algae as Biofertilizers [1:22:55]
Certain microalgae can fix atmospheric nitrogen and be used as biofertilizers. Azolla, a water fern, contains blue-green algae that fix nitrogen. Algae increase soil biomass, decrease soil salinity, inhibit weed growth, and increase soil phosphate.
Algae for Environmental Remediation [1:24:27]
Algae can be used to neutralize carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and other industries. Large photobioreactors are used to circulate flue gases through algal cultures, which absorb the carbon dioxide. This process produces biomass that can be used for biofuel and other products.
Types of Photobioreactors [1:26:12]
Various types of photobioreactors are used for algae cultivation, including sleeve photobioreactors, glass reactors, and plastic reactors. These reactors do not require fertile land and can be set up vertically, using waste plastic bottles and other containers.
Conclusion [1:27:25]
The speaker concludes by emphasizing the potential of algae biotechnology and its importance for the future. He encourages the audience to promote the use of algae for various applications.
Q&A Session [1:28:23]
The session addresses questions about the cost of production, precautions for spirulina culture, and the possibility of growing spirulina in Rajasthan. The speaker advises that the cost-effectiveness depends on the application, such as using it as a biomarker. He also suggests partnering with existing companies for production and marketing. For cultivation, he recommends having a scientific background and support. Spirulina can be grown in Rajasthan, and it is safe from contamination due to its high alkaline pH.
More Q&A [1:34:28]
The speaker answers questions about spirulina as a superfood, its fiber content, and its role in restoring the planet. He clarifies that spirulina accumulates heavy metals but does not eliminate them. Therefore, spirulina grown in polluted water is not suitable for human consumption. He recommends purchasing spirulina tablets or powder from reputable companies and storing them properly to prevent contamination.
Additional Questions and Closing Remarks [1:38:08]
The speaker discusses how to identify good quality spirulina products and mentions that various companies, such as Dabur and Himalaya, cultivate and sell spirulina. He also shares that spirulina does not allow other algae to grow due to its high pH. He clarifies that spirulina is not poisonous, but some other algae species can produce toxins. He suggests mixing spirulina powder with food or drinks and acknowledges that it may have a fishy smell. The session concludes with the speaker thanking the audience and mentioning his involvement in creating an ordinance for paramedical courses in Madhya Pradesh.