Intensivo de Teórica Completo y Actualizado 🚗👍✅ Permiso B✅

TLDR;

This comprehensive driving theory video covers a wide range of topics essential for passing your driving test and becoming a safe driver. It begins with basic definitions and vehicle classifications, then moves onto road usage, rules of priority, and various driving maneuvers. The video also discusses vehicle maintenance, necessary documentation, and factors contributing to accidents, including driver-related risks like speeding, fatigue, and distractions. Finally, it touches on vehicle safety features and provides an overview of environmental considerations and techniques for eco-friendly driving.

Vehicle types and classifications
Road rules, priorities, and safe driving practices
Risk factors, accident prevention, and safety measures
Vehicle maintenance, documentation, and environmental considerations

Introducción [0:00]

Igor introduces a comprehensive and updated intensive course designed to help viewers pass their driving theory test with fewer errors. He emphasises the importance of practicing with up-to-date test questions, recommending resources from driving schools and specifically mentioning aol test.

Tipos de vehículos [1:00]

The video defines key terms such as "conductor" (the person in control of a vehicle) and "pedestrian" (anyone travelling on foot, including those pushing two-wheeled vehicles or using wheelchairs). It classifies vehicles into motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles. Motor vehicles include automobiles (such as cars, vans, motorcycles, lorries, buses, and pick-ups) and special vehicles (like agricultural or construction vehicles). Non-motor vehicles include cycles (bicycles), animals, animal-drawn vehicles and trams. The ciclomotor is classified as a non-motor vehicle, limited to 45 km/h and identified by its yellow number plate. The video also explains different types of masses, including the unladen weight, mass in service, maximum authorised mass (MAM), and mass per axle.

Vías. Tipo de vías. ¿Por donde se circula? [8:30]

The video defines a public road as a space used by pedestrians, drivers, and animals, emphasising the principles of avoiding obstruction, preventing surprises, providing warnings, and understanding others. It outlines obligations such as maintaining vehicle control, adapting to conditions, switching off electrical devices when refuelling, ensuring good visibility, and keeping number plates clear. Prohibitions include using headphones, mobile phones (except hands-free), and radar jammers, as well as throwing rubbish from the vehicle. The video then describes the parts of a road, including the platform, carriageway, lanes, hard shoulder, and median. Roads are classified as urban (within built-up areas) and interurban (outside built-up areas), with interurban roads further divided into motorways/dual carriageways and conventional roads. A "travesía" is a section of interurban road that passes through a built-up area. Motorways and dual carriageways are designed for high-speed travel, requiring a minimum speed of 60 km/h under normal conditions, with separate carriageways for each direction and at least two lanes per direction. Motorways have no access to adjacent properties, while dual carriageways have limited access. Certain users, such as pedestrians, cyclists, ciclomotors, and animal-drawn vehicles, are prohibited from using motorways and dual carriageways. Cyclists over 14 are allowed on dual carriageways unless otherwise indicated.

Carriles especiales [19:50]

The video discusses various special lanes designed to improve traffic flow. These include:

Lanes enabled in the opposite direction to the usual one: These are used to manage traffic flow, such as during holiday departures, and are only for cars without trailers and motorcycles, which must travel between 60 km/h and 80 km/h with their lights on. They can also be used for roadworks, in which case all vehicles are allowed, with the same speed and lighting requirements.
Additional temporary lanes: These use the hard shoulder to create extra lanes, with all lanes requiring speeds between 60 km/h and 80 km/h and lights on.
Reversible lanes: Marked by double discontinuous lines, these lanes can change direction depending on traffic needs, indicated by overhead square traffic lights.
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes: These are for vehicles with a minimum number of occupants, as indicated by signs, and are not for lorries or vans. Cars without trailers, motorcycles, and mixed adaptable vehicles are allowed, and certain users, such as motorcyclists, disabled drivers, and buses, can use them with only one occupant.
Acceleration and deceleration lanes: These are used to safely enter or exit a main road, with drivers needing to give way when entering.
Bus and taxi lanes: These are exclusively for buses or buses and taxis, as indicated by markings.
Cycle lanes: These are solely for cyclists.
Weaving lanes: These serve as both acceleration and deceleration lanes for entering and exiting a road.

Distancia frontal de seguridad [26:30]

The video stresses the importance of maintaining a safe following distance, generally two to three seconds behind the vehicle in front. For vehicles over 3,500 kg, a minimum distance of 50 metres is required. Inside tunnels, the following distance must be 100 metres or four seconds, increasing to 150 metres or six seconds for vehicles over 3,500 kg. Distance markers can help drivers judge appropriate spacing.

Velocidades. Límites genéricos [28:55]

The video explains general speed limits for different types of vehicles on various roads, both inside and outside built-up areas. It provides a table outlining maximum speeds for cars, motorcycles, buses, lorries, and other vehicles on motorways/dual carriageways and conventional roads. Specific limits apply to vehicles carrying dangerous goods or school transport, as well as special vehicles. Within built-up areas, speed limits depend on the number of lanes and road characteristics, with 50 km/h for roads with two or more lanes, 30 km/h for single-lane roads, and 20 km/h for roads with a single platform. Speed must always be adapted to conditions, such as weather, traffic, and road type.

Prioridad [40:55]

The video discusses rules of priority at junctions, including signalled and unsignalled intersections. At unsignalled intersections, drivers must give way to vehicles approaching from the right, unless the vehicle from the right is coming from an unpaved road, a private property, or is travelling on rails. Pedestrians have priority at pedestrian crossings and when vehicles are turning. Cyclists have priority at cycle crossings and when a group of cyclists has already entered a junction. Animals have priority when crossing roads marked with a "Cañada" sign. Emergency vehicles have priority, and drivers must facilitate their passage. In narrow sections of road, priority is determined by signs, the first vehicle to enter, or the vehicle with the greater difficulty manoeuvring. On steep inclines, the vehicle ascending generally has priority.

Maniobras [49:15]

The video defines a manoeuvre as any voluntary action that alters normal traffic conditions, such as changing lanes or turning. All manoeuvres should be performed in the order of observation, signalling, and execution. Observation involves using mirrors and direct vision to check surroundings, with specific requirements for mirrors depending on the vehicle type. Manoeuvres are signalled using indicators or hand signals, with specific signals for turning, braking, and reversing. Audible signals, such as horns, are restricted to preventing accidents or indicating intent to overtake outside built-up areas. Headlight flashes can also be used to warn of danger or signal intent to overtake. The video then details specific manoeuvres, including joining traffic, changing lanes, overtaking (including rules for overtaking cyclists and restrictions on overtaking at certain locations), changing direction, and making U-turns.

Inmovilizaciones (detención, parada y estacionamiento) [1:10:50]

The video explains different types of vehicle immobilisation: stopping (due to external factors like traffic lights), parking (voluntary immobilisation for more than two minutes or leaving the vehicle), and a brief stop (less than two minutes without leaving the vehicle). It details various road markings and signs that prohibit or regulate parking and stopping, including yellow lines, specific parking signs, and loading bay markings. Parking is generally prohibited in hazardous areas, such as pedestrian crossings, pavements, and bus lanes. Outside built-up areas, vehicles should be parked on the right, off the carriageway and hard shoulder. Within built-up areas, parking is allowed on the right side of two-way streets and on either side of one-way streets. When parking on a slope, the vehicle should be secured using the parking brake and by turning the wheels towards the kerb. Heavy vehicles must also use chocks.

Señales [1:20:05]

The video explains the order of priority for traffic signals: police officers, temporary signals (roadworks), traffic lights, vertical signs, and road markings. It details the meanings of signals given by traffic officers, including arm positions and light signals. Temporary roadwork signals are also covered, including cones and barriers. The video then explains traffic light signals for vehicles, cycles, and trams, including steady and flashing lights.

Semáforos [1:27:22]

The video explains traffic light signals for vehicles, cycles, and trams, including steady and flashing lights. A flashing yellow light indicates caution and giving way, while two flashing red lights indicate a temporarily closed level crossing. Traffic lights can also include arrows indicating specific directions.

Señales verticales [1:31:25]

The video provides a comprehensive overview of vertical road signs, categorising them into warning signs (triangular), prohibition signs (red circles), mandatory signs (blue circles), and information signs (rectangular). It explains the meanings of various warning signs, including those for intersections, level crossings, curves, road narrowing, pedestrian crossings, and potential hazards. Prohibition signs are detailed, covering restrictions on vehicle types, weight limits, turning movements, overtaking, and speed limits. Mandatory signs indicate required actions, such as direction of travel or use of specific lanes. Information signs provide guidance on routes, services, and points of interest. The video also covers temporary roadwork signs (yellow background) and new or modernised signs.

Marcas viales [2:23:55]

The video explains various road markings, including continuous and broken white lines, double continuous lines, and wide lines indicating special lanes. It details the rules for crossing these lines and the meaning of lines alongside bus lanes. Transverse markings, such as stop lines and give way lines, indicate where drivers must stop or give way. Other markings covered include pedestrian crossings, cycle crossings, direction arrows, speed limits, railway crossing markings, cycle lane markings, bus lane markings, hatched areas, parking space markings, and edge-of-carriageway lines. The video also explains the meaning of yellow grid markings and coloured parking zones.

Luces [2:30:40]

The video details the different types of vehicle lights and their uses. It explains the purpose of position lights, dipped headlights, main beam headlights, indicators, hazard warning lights, brake lights, front fog lights, and rear fog lights. It covers when to use each type of light, including during darkness, adverse weather conditions, and specific manoeuvres.

Transporte de personas [2:39:21]

The video outlines rules for transporting people in vehicles, including the requirement for passengers to be seated and not obstruct the driver. It details regulations for child restraints based on height and weight, prohibiting children under 135 cm from travelling in the front seat. The video also discusses exemptions from seatbelt laws for certain professions and medical conditions, as well as rules for motorcycle helmets and bicycle helmets.

Transporte de mercancías [2:43:52]

The video outlines rules for transporting goods, including securing and distributing loads to maintain vehicle stability. It specifies maximum dimensions for lorries and vans, as well as rules for how much a load can overhang the vehicle, depending on its length and whether the load is divisible. Overhanging loads must be marked with a specific panel, and lights must be used at night. The video also covers rules for towing trailers and requirements for vehicle markings, such as those indicating slow-moving vehicles, long vehicles, or dangerous goods.

I.T.V. [2:52:24]

The video explains the ITV (Inspección Técnica de Vehículos) system, which requires vehicles to undergo periodic inspections to ensure they meet safety and environmental standards. For cars and motorcycles, the first ITV is required four years after initial registration, then every two years until the vehicle is ten years old, after which it is required annually. The video details the different outcomes of an ITV inspection (pass, fail, or serious fail) and the actions required for each.

Documentación [2:55:30]

The video outlines the documents that must be carried in a vehicle and by the driver. Vehicles must carry a vehicle registration document, ITV certificate, and proof of insurance. Drivers must carry a valid driving licence. The video details the different categories of driving licences and the vehicles that can be driven with each. It also explains the rules for towing trailers and the requirements for additional licences or authorisations.

Permiso por puntos [3:05:54]

The video explains the penalty point system for driving licences, where drivers start with a certain number of points and lose points for traffic offences. New drivers start with eight points, which can increase to twelve after two years of safe driving. Points can be recovered by completing a course, and licences are revoked if all points are lost.

Factores que intervienen en un accidente [3:10:50]

The video discusses the factors that contribute to road accidents, categorising them into human factors, vehicle factors, and road/environmental factors. Human factors, such as speeding, fatigue, and distractions, are the most common cause of accidents.

Grupos vulnerables [3:14:53]

The video identifies vulnerable road users who are at higher risk of accidents or serious injury, including young drivers, older drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists, pedestrians, and users of personal mobility devices.

Factores de riesgo [3:18:19]

The video introduces the main risk factors that contribute to accidents, including speed, fatigue, illness, drugs and alcohol, and distractions.

Factor de riesgo: Velocidad (tiempo de rección, dist. de reacción...) [3:18:45]

The video discusses speed as a significant risk factor, reducing reaction time and increasing the severity of accidents. It explains the "tunnel effect," where high speed narrows the field of vision. The video also details reaction time, braking distance, and stopping distance, explaining how factors like alcohol and drugs can increase reaction time and lengthen stopping distances.

Factor de riesgo: Fatiga y Sueño [3:23:33]

The video discusses fatigue and sleepiness as significant risk factors, impairing judgment and increasing reaction times. It recommends taking breaks every two hours or 200 kilometres and emphasizes the importance of getting enough sleep.

Factor de riesgo: Enfermedades y fármacos [3:25:09]

The video discusses how illnesses and medications can impair driving ability, affecting reaction times and causing drowsiness.

Factor de riesgo: Calor [3:25:43]

The video discusses how heat can cause fatigue and reduce concentration, recommending maintaining a comfortable temperature and staying hydrated.

Factor de riesgo: Distracciones [3:26:05]

The video discusses distractions as a major risk factor, including mobile phones, eating, and adjusting vehicle systems. It emphasizes the dangers of using mobile phones while driving, even with hands-free devices.

Factor de riesgo: Alcohol (Tasas de alcoholemia...) [3:28:25]

The video discusses alcohol as a significant risk factor, impairing judgment, reducing reaction times, and increasing impulsivity. It explains how blood alcohol content (BAC) is measured and how it is affected by various factors. The video also debunks common myths about lowering BAC and outlines the legal limits for BAC in Spain.

Seguridad Activa [3:40:28]

The video discusses active safety features in vehicles, which are designed to prevent accidents. These include well-maintained tyres, properly adjusted brakes, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), suspension systems, and lighting systems.

Seguridad Pasiva [3:46:09]

The video discusses passive safety features in vehicles, which are designed to minimise injuries in the event of an accident. These include the chassis and bodywork, tempered and laminated glass, seatbelts, airbags, child restraint systems, and head restraints.

Seguridad Preventiva [3:51:10]

The video discusses preventive safety features, which enhance visibility and comfort to help drivers avoid accidents. These include windscreen washers, heated rear windows, and ergonomic design.

Sistemas ADAS [3:51:58]

The video provides an overview of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which are designed to assist drivers and improve safety. These systems include:

TPMS (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System): Monitors tyre pressure and alerts the driver to low pressure.
AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking): Detects potential collisions and automatically applies the brakes.
Automatic Lighting: Automatically turns on headlights in low-light conditions.
Automatic Windscreen Wipers: Automatically activates windscreen wipers when it detects rain.
REF (Reversing Aid): Detects objects behind the vehicle when reversing.
RCTA (Rear Cross Traffic Alert): Alerts the driver to approaching traffic when reversing out of a parking space.
DDR (Driver Drowsiness Detection): Detects signs of driver fatigue and alerts the driver.
ADR (Attention Assist): Detects signs of driver distraction and alerts the driver.
BSIS (Blind Spot Information System): Alerts the driver to vehicles in their blind spot.
LDW (Lane Departure Warning): Warns the driver when the vehicle is drifting out of its lane.
LKA (Lane Keeping Assist): Actively steers the vehicle to keep it in its lane.
Start-Stop System: Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle is stationary to save fuel.
Hill Holder: Prevents the vehicle from rolling backwards when starting on a hill.
Rear View Camera: Provides a view of the area behind the vehicle when reversing.
360-Degree Camera: Provides a bird's-eye view of the vehicle and its surroundings.
EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution): Distributes braking force to each wheel to optimise braking performance.
SLI/ISA (Speed Limit Information/Intelligent Speed Adaptation): Displays the current speed limit and can automatically adjust the vehicle's speed.
EDR (Event Data Recorder): Records data related to a collision, such as speed and braking force.

Comportamiento en caso de accidente [4:16:53]

The video outlines the steps to take in the event of a road accident, following the "PAS" rule: Protect, Alert, and Succour. It emphasizes the legal obligation to assist or seek help, unless doing so would put oneself at risk. The video details how to protect the scene by wearing a high-visibility vest and using warning triangles, how to alert emergency services by calling 112, and how to provide first aid, including assessing injuries, performing CPR, and managing bleeding.

Mecánica [4:25:15]

The video provides a basic overview of vehicle mechanics, explaining how an engine works through the four-stroke cycle of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. It details the function of various engine components, such as pistons, cylinders, valves, and the crankshaft. The video also covers essential vehicle systems, including the fuel system, air intake system, exhaust system (including the catalytic converter and silencer), lubrication system, cooling system, electrical system, and transmission system.

Técnicas de conducción preventiva (distintivos medioambientales [4:40:38]

The video discusses techniques for safe and efficient driving, emphasizing the principles of vision, anticipation, and space management. It covers the importance of looking ahead, scanning the surroundings, using mirrors, and maintaining a safe following distance. The video also details techniques for eco-friendly driving, such as smooth acceleration and braking, using higher gears, and avoiding unnecessary idling. Finally, it explains the environmental labels used in Spain to classify vehicles based on their emissions, including the Zero Emissions, Eco, C, and B labels.