TLDR;
This video provides an overview of three common translation theories: Equivalence Theory by Eugene Nida, which focuses on maintaining equal value between source and target texts; Scopus Theory by Hans Vermeer, emphasizing the purpose of translation and adapting the text accordingly; and Poly systems Theory by Itamar Even-Zohar, which views translation as a bridge between different cultural systems. The presenter shares personal experiences and insights, making these complex theories accessible and relevant to everyday translation practices.
- Equivalence Theory focuses on equal value between source and target texts.
- Scopus Theory emphasizes the purpose of translation.
- Poly systems Theory views translation as a bridge between cultural systems.
Introduction to Translation Theories [0:00]
The video introduces three common translation theories: Equivalence Theory, Scopus Theory, and Poly systems Theory. These theories can be useful tools for translators, helping them make informed decisions during the translation process. Understanding these theories allows translators to use them flexibly, even going against them if the situation calls for it.
Equivalence Theory [2:11]
Equivalence Theory, rooted in the Latin word "equalis" meaning equal, suggests that an equal value relationship is possible between the source and target texts. This doesn't require exact equivalence but rather a similarity in form, length, purpose, or effect on the reader. Formal equivalence refers to when a word or phrase has the exact same meaning in both texts. However, achieving true equivalence can be tricky due to cultural and linguistic nuances. For example, the English word "friend" and the German word "Freund" may seem equivalent, but they carry different connotations regarding gender and relationship status. The most straightforward translation isn't always the most equivalent, requiring a deep understanding of both the source and target cultures.
Eugene Nida coined the terms formal and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence involves a direct, word-for-word translation, allowing the target audience to interpret the context through the lens of the source culture. Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, prioritizes the target audience, aiming to create the same effect on the target reader as the source text had on its original audience.
Scopus Theory [6:50]
In 1984, Hans Vermeer introduced Scopus Theory, where "scopus" is Greek for purpose. This theory posits that every translation has a specific purpose, which dictates the target audience, terminology, register, and style. The purpose a text serves in the source culture may differ from its purpose in the target culture. The greater the difference in purpose, the more the translation needs to deviate from the source text. Scopus Theory essentially guides translators on how far to detach from the original text based on the translation's intended purpose. Vermeer essentially dethroned the source text as the most important thing in the translation process.
Poly systems Theory [10:05]
Developed by Israeli Professor Itamar Even-Zohar, Poly systems Theory examines how languages and cultures have interconnected systems. Imagine a library where each section represents a different culture or society with its own works and stories. These sections are not independent but influence each other through translation. Translations act as bridges between these systems, facilitating the flow of ideas, innovation, and cultural exchange. This theory emphasizes that translation is a crucial carrier of information between systems, especially in smaller countries that rely on interconnectedness to compete globally. Poly systems Theory highlights the importance of cultural awareness in translation, emphasizing that linguistic knowledge alone is insufficient. Translators must be well-versed in the cultural aspects of both the source and target societies to effectively bridge the gap between them.
