Brief Summary
This video provides a comprehensive guide to educational assessment and evaluation for 21st-century learners. It covers various assessment strategies, including outcome-based assessment, formative and summative assessments, and objective and subjective measures. The video also explores e-learning basics, methodologies, and the ADDIE model for designing and delivering effective online courses.
- Assessment is a broad and rapidly growing field with a strong theoretical and empirical base
- Outcome-based education is an educational model in which the curriculum, the pedagogy, and the assessment are all focused on student learning outcomes
- E-learning is really important for education
Introduction
The speaker introduces the topic of educational assessment and evaluation for 21st-century learners. The presentation aims to equip educators with the knowledge to enhance their teaching methods in the field of education. The speaker encourages viewers to like and follow their Facebook page and subscribe to their YouTube channel for more educational content.
The Challenge of 21st Century Skills
Traditional pen and paper tests have been the primary method for assessing literacy and numeracy. However, there's increasing interest in skills like problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity. The challenge lies in moving beyond traditional tests while maintaining systematic and cost-effective assessment processes. The speaker emphasizes the need for new assessment methods to support students' acquisition of these 21st-century skills.
Reforming Education for 21st Century Learners
Educational systems worldwide are reforming to move beyond traditional instructional practices. These reforms reframe what is taught, how it is learned, and how it is evaluated. Assessments should explicitly communicate the nature of expected learning. Research indicates that ongoing assessments embedded in the learning process have a powerful effect on student learning, especially for low-ability students.
Designing Outcome-Based Assessment
The speaker discusses designing outcome-based assessments for flexible learners, emphasizing a systematic approach to curriculum reform. Outcome-based education focuses on what learners should be able to do successfully at the end of their learning experiences. It nurtures continuous attention to student learning and promotes institutional accountability based on student learning outcomes.
Understanding Outcome-Based Education
Outcome-based education involves demonstrating learning, focusing on what learners can do as a result of their learning. The process involves supporting students until they achieve the desired outcomes. Characteristics of outcomes include being achievable, accessible, transparent, and fair. Outcomes should state what students can do upon exiting the system and reflect the complexities of real life.
Assessment in Instructional Design
The session outline includes the role of assessment in the instructional design process, assessment strategies, and outcome-based assessment. Assessments should reveal how well students have learned what they were intended to learn. Learning objectives and instructional strategies must be aligned to reinforce one another, ensuring congruency.
Aligning Learning Objectives, Assessments, and Strategies
To ensure alignment, educators should ask what they want students to know and do, what tasks will reveal achievement, and what activities will reinforce learning objectives. Misalignment can negatively impact student motivation and learning. The speaker provides scenarios illustrating the importance of aligning assessments with learning objectives and instructional strategies.
Formative vs. Summative Assessment
Formative assessment monitors student learning to provide ongoing feedback, helping students identify strengths and weaknesses. It also helps teachers recognize where students struggle and address problems immediately. Formative assessments are generally low stakes. Summative assessment evaluates student learning at the end of a subject or topic, often with high stakes.
The Role of Assessment
Assessments can be used formatively to guide efforts in subsequent topics or subjects. They also enable teachers to assign grades or certifications. The main goal is to help students gain a sense of control and take responsibility for their learning by comparing their work with established criteria. Assessment input provides feedback to both learners and teachers, identifying misconceptions that hinder progress.
Outcome-Based Assessment Explained
Outcome-based assessment compares a learner's performance with predetermined standards drawn from learning objectives. It starts with teachers articulating what they want students to be able to do upon completing the learning. This approach involves a deliberate collection of evidence of student learning based on outcomes, yielding more relevant results.
Implementing Outcome-Based Systems
In outcome-based systems, educators need to clarify the level of skills and knowledge accepted as competent performance. Assessment should measure these skills, and instruction should teach them. Efforts should be made to provide more feedback early and allow multiple attempts. The focus is on measuring competence rather than averaging all attempts.
Grading in Outcome-Based Systems
In an outcome-based system, grades are calculated based on the achievement of specific outcomes. Individual tests may contribute to multiple outcomes. This approach helps students understand what they need to work harder on and take responsibility for their learning.
Benefits and Concerns of Outcome-Based Assessment
Outcome-based assessment helps students understand learning goals and allows educators to track student improvement over time. However, concerns include outcomes being too focused on institutional agendas and students focusing on outcomes instead of the learning process itself.
Key Commitments of Outcome-Based Assessment
Outcome-based assessment is directly connected to ensuring assessment and learning are transparent, applied consistently, and congruent with learning outcomes. Instructional design should enable student learning, and educators should be aware of advances in pedagogies.
Alignment in Assessment
Alignment indicates synchronicity among objectives and assessment measures. Assessment is a main component of a subject, signaling what is important. Clearly defining the assessment's relationship to student learning, especially outcomes, helps students understand how practices and content assist them in achieving success.
Building Effective Assessments
Building alignment between outcomes, assessments, and practice, and communicating this to students, is crucial. This alignment measures students' attainment of necessary skills and learning. It also allows for developing and communicating a pathway for student learning progression.
Connecting Assessment and Outcomes
Connecting assessment and outcomes strategically allows teachers to communicate and validate their assessment's role in student learning attainment. Clarity helps learners focus on what is being achieved and connects this with measurement mechanisms through assessments.
Planning Effective Assessments
Effective assessments of learning should be built through the process. Activities, assessments, and instructions should be planned to allow students to complete assessments successfully and make practical learning outcomes support content knowledge and skill development.
Objective vs. Subjective Assessment Measures
Educators need a strong understanding of the difference between objective and subjective assessments. Each test type has specific attributes that make it better suited for certain subjects and learning outcomes. Knowing when to use each type is essential for accurately gauging academic progress.
Subjective Assessment
Subjective assessment aims to assess complex and qualitative areas of learner performance using questions with more than one correct answer. These assessments are popular because they take less time to develop and offer students the ability to be creative. Examples include essays and responses with critically thought-out opinions.
Objective Assessment
Objective assessment is more exact and less open to student interpretation, with questions having a single correct answer. It is suited to subjects like mathematics, science, and engineering. Common items include multiple choice, true or false, and fill-in-the-blanks.
Making Assessments More Objective
Creating a blueprint for examinations is key to accurately measuring students' mastery of subject matter. A test blueprint is useful for aligning questions with learning objectives and specific content sections, as well as assessing the corresponding level of cognition.
Objective vs. Subjective Measures
Objective measures are impartially quantifiable outcomes recorded with diagnostic instruments, while subjective measures rely on human judgment. Examples of subjective measurements include patient-reported outcomes. Understanding reliability, validity, and bias is crucial for both types of measures.
Performance-Based Assessment
Performance-based assessment measures a student's ability to apply skills and knowledge learned from a subject or topic. Tasks challenge students to use higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process. Essential components include accurate measurement of specific topics, authenticity, process or product orientation, open-ended questions, and time-bound tasks.
Creating Performance-Based Assessments
Creating performance-based assessments involves identifying goals, learning gaps, and designing reality-based tasks. The assessment should allow students to apply their knowledge to new situations and demand judgment to determine relevant information and skills.
Authentic Assessment
Authentic assessment requires applying learned knowledge to new situations and demands judgment to determine relevant information and skills. Authentic assignments often focus on complex real-world situations and involve real-world audiences or stakeholders.
Contrasting Authentic and Subjective Assessment
Authentic assessment contrasts with conventional test questions, which are often indirect measures of a student's ability to apply skills. Subjective assessment aims to assess complex areas of student performance using questions with more than one correct answer.
Online Quizzes and Tests
Innovative teaching techniques use online quizzes to turn stressful evaluations into fun learning experiences. Frequent quizzing helps students put what they have learned into practice and takes the edge off stressful evaluations.
Encouraging Collaboration with Quizzes
Collaborative quizzes encourage learners to study harder and help others succeed. Every collaborative quiz must balance group work with individual evaluations. Providing detailed corrective feedback improves information retention.
Making Quizzes Interesting
Using a variety of questions is key to holding students' interest over time. Different types of questions help learners apply knowledge effectively in various situations. Weighting each question based on its difficulty ensures accurate reflection of each student's learning.
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Communication
Asynchronous communication does not happen in real-time, allowing students to respond on their own time. Synchronous communication occurs in real-time, with immediate responses. Both forms have benefits and drawbacks.
Benefits of Asynchronous Communication
Asynchronous communication allows for records of conversations, which is critical for remote students. It also provides more time to review messages before replying and ensures everyone feels included in conversations, regardless of time zone.
Synchronous Communication
Synchronous communication takes place in real-time, fostering more authentic connections. It is necessary for conducting brainstorming sessions, team-building events, complex project discussions, and one-on-one sessions.
Hybrid Communication
The most effective way to collaborate is through a hybrid of asynchronous and synchronous communication. This approach balances the benefits of both styles.
Assessment Activities
Assessment activities include portfolios, papers, essays, and presentations. Portfolios allow learners to decide what materials to include, leading to the development of standards and criteria.
Project-Based Learning
Project-based learning supports individual learning situations and is traditionally a collaborative experience. Benefits include the development of problem-solving skills, creativity, communication, and critical thinking.
Journal Writing
Journal writing allows students to examine different ideas and writing strategies. Journal entries should demonstrate the ability to conduct critical inquiry, collecting and analyzing ideas or information.
Concept Maps
Concept maps are visual representations of information, useful for students who learn better visually. They help see the big picture by starting with main ideas and connecting them to other concepts.
Game-Based Learning
Game-based learning involves using simulators and games to engage students and encourage them to explore and learn new things. Different types of game-based learning have evolved over the years, each with its own unique objective.
Ongoing Assessment in Game-Based Learning
Ongoing assessment in game-based learning is embedded into the fabric of the instructional process. It measures student progress without representing a disciplinary threat.
Balancing Flexibility and Structure
Balancing flexibility and structure involves revisiting absences, eliminating unnecessary documentation, providing alternative activities, and using rubrics. Rubrics clarify expectations, define teaching methods, and improve student work through timely feedback.
E-Learning Basics and Methodologies
The speaker transitions to discussing e-learning basics, methodologies, and the foundation and whys. Topics include distance education, e-learning approaches, components, quality, and models.
Distance Education
Distance education is any kind of learning in which the student is not physically present in the classroom. It has become an alternative mode of teaching and learning. Flexible learning considers learners' unique needs and may or may not involve technology.
Distance Learning in the Philippines
In the Philippines, distance learning is offered in two forms: online distance learning and modular distance learning. The learning continuity plan (LCP) provides learning interventions that teachers can utilize during the pandemic.
Theories Guiding Distance Learning
Distance learning is guided by the theory of independent study and the theory of transactional distance. Andragogy emphasizes adults perceiving themselves as self-directing individuals.
When to Use Distance Learning
Distance learning is suitable when there is a significant amount of content to be delivered to a large number of students, learners are geographically dispersed, have limited mobility, or have limited daily time to devote to learning.
Self-Paced E-Learning
Self-paced learning allows learners to decide on the pace and timing of their learning experience. It provides optimal flexibility and often involves a teacher who provides feedback.
Instructor-Led E-Learning
Instructor-led e-learning comes in two forms: traditional face-to-face education sessions and online varieties. Online, tutors provide course materials in a scheduled manner, often through digitized lectures and videos.
Components of E-Learning
Components of e-learning include simple learning resources, web-based training, electronic simulations, job aids, e-tutoring, e-coaching, e-mentoring, social software, and virtual classrooms.
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous E-Learning
Asynchronous e-learning means the teacher and students are not engaged with the course content at the same time. Synchronous e-learning allows students to ask questions and get answers in real-time.
Learner-Centered Content
Learner-centered content views learners as active agents who bring their own knowledge and experiences. Activities foster collaboration, and teachers offer advice and encouragement rather than lecturing.
Engaging Content
Engaging content involves interactivity, personalization, and collaboration. Gamification encourages learners' participation through leaderboards and points.
Blended Learning
Blended learning combines different training media to create an optimum training program. The program flow model organizes learning activities in a linear sequence, while the coin spoke model provides supplemental materials.
Developing an E-Learning Course
Developing an e-learning course requires instructional design, the systematic development of specifications using learning and instructional theory. The ADDIE model is commonly used for this process.
The ADDIE Model
The ADDIE model includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The analysis phase involves understanding the current situation and setting objectives. The design phase focuses on learning objectives, sequencing, and instructional strategy.
Development and Implementation
The development phase aims to create the structure of the course, building online or on-site. Implementation involves installation, distribution, and managing learning activities.
Evaluation and Technology
The evaluation phase assesses the effectiveness of the course and identifies areas for improvement. Technology is required to produce and deliver e-learning, with different tools used depending on the desired file format.
