TLDR;
This YouTube video by Hindi By Naveen Sir provides a comprehensive guide to understanding Hindi grammar, specifically focusing on 'Sandhi' (joining of letters/words). The video covers the definition of Sandhi, its types (Swara, Vyanjana, and Visarga), and detailed explanations of Swara Sandhi's subtypes (Dirgha, Guna, Vriddhi, Yan, and Ayadi). It also discusses various rules and exceptions in Vyanjana and Visarga Sandhi, offering examples and practical tips for identifying and applying these rules.
- Sandhi is the process of joining two letters to create a change or modification.
- There are three main types of Sandhi: Swara (vowel), Vyanjana (consonant), and Visarga (a grammatical concept).
- Swara Sandhi has five subtypes, each with specific rules for combining vowels.
Introduction to Sandhi [0:19]
The lesson begins with a warm greeting and quickly transitions into the topic of Sandhi. Sandhi is defined as the change or modification that occurs when two letters combine. These letters can be vowels or consonants. It's emphasised that Sandhi occurs due to a change or 'vikar' when two letters meet, and not every word can undergo Sandhi. The concept of 'varn' (letter) is clarified, distinguishing it from 'shabd' (word), highlighting that Sandhi involves the joining of letters, not words.
Types of Sandhi [6:27]
There are three types of Sandhi: Swara Sandhi (vowel Sandhi), Vyanjana Sandhi (consonant Sandhi), and Visarga Sandhi. Swara Sandhi involves the joining of vowels, Vyanjana Sandhi involves the joining of consonants with either vowels or consonants, and Visarga Sandhi involves the joining of Visarga with vowels or consonants. The video explains that Swara Sandhi occurs when a vowel combines with another vowel, Vyanjana Sandhi happens when a consonant combines with a vowel or another consonant, and Visarga Sandhi involves a Visarga combining with a vowel or a consonant.
Swara Sandhi: Dirgha Sandhi [11:13]
Swara Sandhi, or vowel Sandhi, is explored in detail, with its five subtypes: Dirgha, Guna, Vriddhi, Yan, and Ayadi. Dirgha Sandhi involves the combination of similar vowels, resulting in a long vowel. The vowels are categorised into three families (A, B, C) to simplify the rules. The rules of Dirgha Sandhi are explained using family categories, where vowels from the same family combine to form a longer vowel. Examples such as 'Gajanan' and 'Vidhyarthi' are used to illustrate the concept.
Swara Sandhi: Guna Sandhi [36:17]
Guna Sandhi is explained as the combination of A or Aa with E/Ee, U/Oo, or Ri, resulting in specific changes. The rules for Guna Sandhi are explained, focusing on how A and Aa combine with E/Ee to form A, with U/Oo to form O, and with Ri to form Ar. Examples like 'Bharatendu' and 'Maharishi' are used to illustrate these combinations.
Swara Sandhi: Vriddhi Sandhi [53:44]
Vriddhi Sandhi involves the combination of A or Aa with A/Ai or O/Au, resulting in Vriddhi vowels. The rules for Vriddhi Sandhi are explained, focusing on how A and Aa combine with A/Ai to form Ai, and with O/Au to form Au. Examples like 'Ek-Ek' and 'Mahauj' are used to illustrate these combinations.
Swara Sandhi: Yan Sandhi [1:04:54]
Yan Sandhi is characterised by the presence of Y, V, or R before a half consonant. The rules for Yan Sandhi are explained, focusing on how E/Ee, U/Oo, and Ri change to Y, V, and R respectively when followed by a different vowel. The transformations that occur during Sandhi, such as the conversion of 'ee' to 'ya' and 'oo' to 'va', are detailed. Examples like 'Pratyek' and 'Swagat' are used to illustrate these transformations.
Swara Sandhi: Ayadi Sandhi [1:29:24]
Ayadi Sandhi involves the transformation of A, Ai, O, Au into Ay, Aay, Av, Aav respectively when followed by any different vowel. The rules for Ayadi Sandhi are explained, focusing on how A, Ai, O, and Au transform into Ay, Aay, Av, and Aav respectively when followed by any different vowel. Examples like 'Chayan' and 'Pawan' are used to illustrate these transformations.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 1 [1:51:38]
Vyanjana Sandhi, or consonant Sandhi, is introduced with the rule that if 'ta' or 'da' is followed by 'cha' or 'chha', 'ja' or 'jha', 'ta' or 'tha', 'da' or 'dha', then 'ta' or 'da' changes to 'ch', 'j', 't', 'd' respectively. The first rule of Vyanjana Sandhi is explained, focusing on how 'ta' or 'da' changes to 'ch' when followed by 'ch' or 'chh', and to 'j' when followed by 'j' or 'jh'. Examples like 'Satchitra' and 'Ujjwal' are used to illustrate these transformations.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 2 [2:09:37]
The rule states that if the first letter of a varg (group of consonants) is followed by a saghosh varna (voiced consonant), the first letter changes to the third letter of its varg. The rule is further explained with examples like 'Diggaj' and 'Bhagwat Geeta', showing how the first letter of a varg changes to the third letter when followed by a voiced consonant.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 3 [2:22:27]
If the first letter of a varg is followed by a fifth letter, the first letter changes to the fifth letter of its varg. The rule is explained with examples like 'Apmai' and 'Jagannath', showing how the first letter of a varg changes to the fifth letter when followed by a fifth letter.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 4 [2:30:49]
If 'ta' is followed by 'ha', the resulting combination becomes 'dh'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Taddhati' and 'Siddhant', showing how 'ta' changes to 'dh' when followed by 'ha'.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 5 [2:34:08]
If a vowel precedes 'chha', then 'ch' is added before 'chha'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Anuchhed' and 'Laxmichhaya', showing how 'ch' is added before 'chha' when preceded by a vowel.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 6 [2:39:24]
If 'ta' or 'da' is followed by 'sha', then 'ta' changes to 'ch' and 'sha' changes to 'chh'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Satshastra' and 'Ucchhwas', showing how 'ta' changes to 'ch' and 'sha' changes to 'chh' when 'ta' or 'da' is followed by 'sha'.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 7 [2:48:16]
This section discusses the rule of Anuswar, explaining how it changes to the fifth letter of the varg. The rule is explained with examples like 'Sanvad' and 'Sanchay', showing how Anuswar changes to the fifth letter of the varg.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 8 [2:52:57]
This section explains the rule of 'ma' + 'na' = 'nna', providing examples like 'Sanvesh' and 'Sanyasi'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Sanvesh' and 'Sanyasi', showing how 'ma' and 'na' combine to form 'nna'.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 9 [2:56:16]
This section discusses the rule of 'sa' + 'tha' = 'shtha', providing examples like 'Yudhishthir' and 'Anushthan'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Yudhishthir' and 'Anushthan', showing how 'sa' and 'tha' combine to form 'shtha'.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 10 [3:02:01]
This section explains the rule of 'sa' changing to 'sha' when preceded by a vowel, providing examples like 'Anushang' and 'Abhishek'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Anushang' and 'Abhishek', showing how 'sa' changes to 'sha' when preceded by a vowel.
Vyanjana Sandhi: Rule 11 [3:06:50]
This section discusses the rule of 'na' changing to 'na', providing examples like 'Parinaam' and 'Parimaan'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Parinaam' and 'Parimaan', showing how 'na' changes to 'na'.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 1 [3:15:16]
Visarga Sandhi, or Visarga Sandhi, is introduced with the rule that if a Visarga is followed by a ghosh varna (voiced consonant), the Visarga changes to 'o'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Tapobal' and 'Manohar', showing how Visarga changes to 'o' when followed by a voiced consonant.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 2 [3:23:48]
If a Visarga is followed by 'a', the Visarga changes to 'o' and the 'a' is dropped. The rule is explained with examples like 'Manobhilasha' and 'Manokul', showing how Visarga changes to 'o' and the 'a' is dropped when Visarga is followed by 'a'.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 3 [3:27:46]
If a Visarga is followed by 'cha', 'chha', or 'sha', the Visarga changes to 'sh'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Harishchandra' and 'Dushchakra', showing how Visarga changes to 'sh' when followed by 'cha', 'chha', or 'sha'.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 4 [3:33:16]
If a Visarga is followed by 'ta', 'tha', or 'sa', the Visarga changes to 's'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Nistej' and 'Duhsahhas', showing how Visarga changes to 's' when followed by 'ta', 'tha', or 'sa'.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 5 [3:38:40]
If 'i' or 'u' is followed by a Visarga and then by 'ka', 'kha', 'pa', or 'pha', the Visarga changes to 'sh'. The rule is explained with examples like 'Dushkar' and 'Nishpap', showing how Visarga changes to 'sh' when preceded by 'i' or 'u' and followed by 'ka', 'kha', 'pa', or 'pha'.
Visarga Sandhi: Rule 6 [3:45:27]
If 'i' or 'u' is followed by a Visarga and then by 'ra', the 'i' or 'u' becomes long and the Visarga is dropped. The rule is explained with examples like 'Nirog' and 'Nirav', showing how 'i' or 'u' becomes long and the Visarga is dropped when followed by 'ra'.
